SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

51.2. Using SU¸- and NIȽ SU¸-

43373 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes
Models
1)NE SU¸ YÁ¸.‘So then, I went.’
2)EN¸ SU¸ YÁ¸.‘So then, you went.’
3)SU¸ YÁ¸ȽTE.‘So then, we went.’
4)SU¸ YÁ¸S.‘So then, he/she/it/they went.’
5)NIȽ SU¸ YÁ¸S.‘So then, he/she/it/they went.’

‣ 1 As noted in §30.2 and the previous section, §51.1, SU¸ is a combination of prefixes that is traditionally written as a separate word. It is the noun-forming prefix S‑ followed by the U¸‑ ‘contrast’ prefix (§56.1).
‣ 2 The SU¸ pattern is used to connect sentences in a story and provides somewhat the same smooth flow from one sentence to another as the English phrase ‘so then…’ or ‘and then….’ It is used to describe a continuation of an event or sequence of events.
‣ 3 The SENĆOŦEN SU¸ does not literally mean the same as the English ‘so then...’ The English ‘then’ implies a particular time—‘at that time’; SU¸ does not have that ‘time’ meaning. Often SU¸ has no literal English translation.
‣ 4 English ‘so’ or ‘so then’ is used to indicate a consequence. For example, ‘I ran. So I’m tired.’ The ‘so’ in this English sentence indicates that the ‘I’m tired’ is a consequence of ‘I ran.’ SU¸ does not mark this kind of consequence. In English a sequence like ‘I ran. So I sat down.’ seems a little odd, but in SENĆOŦEN, ȻONEṈET SEN. NE SU¸ EMET is normal meaning ‘I ran. And then I sat.’ To get the consequence idea in SENĆOŦEN use the speech act modifier ȻEĆÁ (§48.3).
‣ 5 The S‑ of SU¸ makes the word a noun. As a noun, the participant that translates as the English subject, is marked by the possessive in SENĆOŦEN. The highlighted items in each of the models shows this.
‣ 6 This SU¸ pattern is very common among all fluent SENĆOŦEN speakers. It occurs thousands of times in the recorded narratives of L1 elders. Narratives often have many sentences in a row that have this SU¸. The sample story shown in the model for §51.1, for example, has five such constructions in the first ten sentences.
‣ 7 Model 5 shows a common variant. This variant can also be seen in line 7 of the model in §51.1. This variant adds NIȽ ‘it is,’ the third-person focus pronoun that occurs in a number of constructions, as described in §15.3, §20.3, §39.1, and §40.3.
‣ 8 SU¸ is often pronounce SEU¸, especially by older speakers. This makes it sound very much like English ‘so.’ It sounds like ‘so’ and has a similar use, but this is entirely accidental. SENĆOŦEN SU¸ is not related to English ‘so.’
 
OOȽ TŦE NE SNEW̱EȽ.‘I boarded my canoe.
NE SU¸ IST. NE SU¸ TES ¸E Ṯ W̱LEMI.I paddled. Then I got to Lummi.’
ÁĆNE! ÁN¸ U¸ YOŦ KE ŦTE EN¸ S¸IST!‘Goodness! You paddled a long time!’
NIȽ ȻEĆÁ NE ŚW̱ȽĆIȻES.‘That’s why I’m tired.’
EMET ĆE!‘Sit down!’
 
51.2A. Make up a sequence of three sentences similar to the first line of the ḰEL¸NEȻEL dialogue. Write the three sentences twice—once using the first-person and once using third-person.

51.2B. There are over a thousand example sentences in the SENĆOŦEN dictionary that begin with SU¸. Find one and write a new sentence that might precede that in a story.		 

This page has paths:

  1. 51 So Then ... Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 30.2. Coordinate conditional Montler, et al.
  2. 20.6. Correlative comparative Montler, et al.
  3. 55 Nominalizing Prefixes Montler, et al.
  4. 28.1. ‘How?’ Montler, et al.
  5. 51.1. A smoothly flowing story Montler, et al.
  6. 56.1. TU¸- ‘kind of,’ I¸- ‘process,’ U¸- ‘contrast’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 20.3. Comparative constructions: The Focus Comparative
  2. 15.3. Focus in questions and answers to ‘What?’
  3. 40.3. Let causative: -TW̱
  4. 30.2. Coordinate conditional
  5. 56.1. TU¸- ‘kind of,’ I¸- ‘process,’ U¸- ‘contrast’
  6. 51.1. A smoothly flowing story
  7. 39.1. That’s why: NIȽ ȻECÁ ŚW̱-
  8. 48.3. ȻE ‘inform new,’ ȻSI¸ ‘inform shared,’ JE ‘apparently,’ ȻEĆÁ ‘consequence,’ OL¸ ‘limit’