SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

41.1. Infix EL

43373
Models
1)SÁĆS‘uncle, aunt’SELÁĆS‘uncles, aunts’
2)MUSMES‘cow’MELUSMES ‘cattle’
3)SḴAXE¸‘dog’SḴELAXE¸‘dogs’
4)ŚW̱IMÁLE‘store’ŚW̱ELIMÁLE‘stores’
5)S¸IȽEN‘food’S¸ELIȽEN‘lots of food’
6)ȽȾIṈEN‘comb’ȽELȾIṈEN‘combs’
7)IST‘to paddle’ELIST‘they paddle’
8)ȻONEṈET‘to run’ȻELONEṈET‘they run’
9)SḴI¸ELES‘sad’SḴELI¸ELES‘they’re sad’
10)QOMQEM‘strong’QELOMQEM‘they’re strong’

‣ 1 Prefixes go at the beginning of a word, and suffixes go at the end of a word. SENĆOŦEN and many other languages around the world also have something called infixes. Infixes go into the word. The most common way of marking the collective in SENĆOŦEN is with an infix. Around 80% of plurals are formed with some form of the infix in SENĆOŦEN.
‣ 2 This form of the infix is:  Insert EL /əl/ after the first consonant of the root.
‣ 3 Model 7 looks like the EL is placed at the beginning, but remember that the glottal stop is a consonant that is just not spelled at the beginning of a word. So phonetically model 7 is /ʔist/ and the plural is /ʔəlist/. The glottal stop /ʔ/ is the first consonant.
‣ 4 Model 1 shows the most common pattern. Here S is the first consonant. The EL is placed right after the S for the plural.
‣ 5 Model 2 shows a word borrowed from Chinook Jargon. Such borrowed words invariably have the EL infix in the plural. The EL infix seems to be the default form of the collective plural.
‣ 6 Models 3, 4, and 5 show that any prefixes are ignored. The EL goes after the first consonant of the root, not the word. In models 3 and 5 we have the S‑ noun prefix (§55). In model 4 we have the Ś‑ ‘thing for’ prefix (§55).
‣ 7 Model 6 illustrates a root beginning with two consonants. Here again the EL follows the first consonant of the root breaking up the ȽȾ cluster.
‣ 8 Model 7 shows that the EL plural applies to verbs as well as to nouns. On an adjective, as in models 9 and 10, the plural refers to whatever has the quality expressed in the adjective. On a verb, it indicates a plural intransitive subject, plural direct object, or plural actions. Note that this is another way the intransitive subject shares grammar with the transitive direct object.
‣ 9 In English there is a class of nouns, usually called ‘mass nouns,’ that cannot be pluralized. For example, in English if we want to talk about a bunch of food, we do not normally say ‘there’s a lot of foods on the table’ but ‘there’s a lot of food on the table.’ SENĆOŦEN has no class of ‘mass noun,’ as English does. Although, as is shown in §41.4, some particular words cannot be pluralized, any general type of word can be pluralized in SENĆOŦEN.
 
ȻELONEṈET TŦE SPELÁ¸EŦ.‘The bears are running.’
ISTÁ ELOOȽTW̱ TŦE SḴEĆE ȽTE¸ I¸ IST.‘Let’s put our catch aboard and paddle.’
EN¸ÁN¸ U¸ X̱EṈ TŦE SPELÁ¸EŦ!‘The bears are too fast!’
₭ÍTENOM¸ET! ‘Pretend to be dead!’
 
41.1A. Each of the following SENĆOŦEN words takes the EL infix plural. Make each plural and give its meaning. (The stressed vowel is in red.)
1. ŚEMÁN                  ‘enemy’
2. ŦOṈEN                   ‘eyebrow’
3. SPAKEṈ                 ‘flower’
4. S₭OṈI¸                   ‘head’
5. ÁȽE                       ‘here’
6. ȽIQET                    ‘hook it’
7. SNOU¸EȽ               ‘inside’		41.1B. Each of these is a plural. Give the nonplural for each. (The stressed vowel is in red.)
1. W̱ELITEṈ              ‘they jump’
2. ₭ELO¸EṈ¸              ‘lots of kelp’
3. ŚELIPEN                ‘set of knives’
4. XELOĆE¸               ‘several lakes’
5. ṮELAḴT                 ‘they’re long’
6. PELÁNSEL             ‘several pencils’
7. ELÁSW̱                  ‘group of seals’

This page has paths:

  1. 41 Collective Plural Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 41.2. Infix LE or ¸LE Montler, et al.
  2. 41.4. Irregular plurals and ṈEN¸ Montler, et al.
  3. 51.1. A smoothly flowing story Montler, et al.
  4. 41 Collective Plural Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 55 Nominalizing Prefixes
  2. 41.4. Irregular plurals and ṈEN¸