29.1. Subordinate adverbial expressions
Models
| 1) | X̱EṈ SEN ¸E Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ. | ‘I walk fast.’ |
| 2) | X̱EṈ ȽTE ¸E Ȼ SŚTEṈȽTE. | ‘We walk fast.’ |
| 3) | X̱EṈ SW̱ ¸E Ȼ EN¸ SŚTEṈ. | ‘You walk fast.’ |
| 4) | X̱EṈ TŦE NE SḴAXE¸ ¸E Ȼ SŚTEṈS. | ‘My dog walks fast.’ |
| 5) | X̱EṈ Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ. | ‘I walk fast.’ |
| 6) | X̱EṈ Ȼ SŚTEṈȽTE. | ‘We walk fast.’ |
| 7) | X̱EṈ Ȼ EN¸ SŚTEṈ. | ‘You walk fast.’ |
| 8) | X̱EṈ Ȼ SŚTEṈS TŦE NE SḴAXE¸. | ‘My dog walks fast.’ |
‣ 1 The word X̱EṈ in these models means ‘fast, quick.’ The word meaning ‘walk’ is ŚTEṈ. Note that the word X̱EṈ here is different from the word X̱EṈ introduced in §10.2. Notice that there is no I¸ in these models, so X̱EṈ cannot be interpreted as the I¸-class auxiliary meaning ‘might, can.’
‣ 2 This is the subordinate method for making adverbial expressions. In this method, the event translates into English as the main verb—‘walk’ in these models—is ŚTEṈ in a subordinate Ȼ clause in SENĆOŦEN. The quality, X̱EṈ, is the main verb in SENĆOŦEN, but it is the adverb ‘fast’ in English.
‣ 3 The Ȼ subordinate clauses translate in various ways into English, but one way somewhat closer to a literal translation is to use an English ‘when’ clause. In model 1, for example, X̱EN is ‘I’m fast’ and Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ is ‘when I run.’ And model 1 would be more literally ‘I’m fast when I walk.’ The Ȼ clauses are summarized in §46.
‣ 4 Note that while ŚTEṈ ‘walk’ is a verb, it must be turned into a noun by adding the S‑ prefix before it can take the possessive prefix or suffix that marks the subordinate subject. Thus, we have:
ŚTEṈ = walk (verb)
SŚTEṈ = walk (noun)
‣ 5 There are two variations on the subordinate adverbial construction. Models 1 through 4 show the first variation. The basic pattern for this variation is shown in model 1 below for the First variation of the subordinate adverbial expression:
X̱EN SEN ¸E Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ. ‘I walk fast.’ / ‘I’m fast when I walk.’
quality subject prep Ȼ possessive S-event
fast I Ȼ my walk
Of course, the possessive will come after the event if it is third person ‑S or first-person plural ‑ȽTE.
‣ 6 Models 5 through 8 show the second variation. This variation also has the event in a Ȼ clause, but here the subject of the quality is the Ȼ clause. The basic pattern for this variation is shown in model 5 below for the Second variation of the subordinate adverbial expression:
X̱EN Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ. ‘I walk fast.’ / ‘My walking is fast.’
quality Ȼ possessive S-event
fast Ȼ my walk
The second translation is the more literal one. Again, the possessive will come after the event if it is third person ‑S or first-person plural ‑ȽTE.
‣ 7 Here are a few more words expressing qualities that can be used adverbially:
ĆU¸ÁT ‘smart, skilled’‣ 2 This is the subordinate method for making adverbial expressions. In this method, the event translates into English as the main verb—‘walk’ in these models—is ŚTEṈ in a subordinate Ȼ clause in SENĆOŦEN. The quality, X̱EṈ, is the main verb in SENĆOŦEN, but it is the adverb ‘fast’ in English.
‣ 3 The Ȼ subordinate clauses translate in various ways into English, but one way somewhat closer to a literal translation is to use an English ‘when’ clause. In model 1, for example, X̱EN is ‘I’m fast’ and Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ is ‘when I run.’ And model 1 would be more literally ‘I’m fast when I walk.’ The Ȼ clauses are summarized in §46.
‣ 4 Note that while ŚTEṈ ‘walk’ is a verb, it must be turned into a noun by adding the S‑ prefix before it can take the possessive prefix or suffix that marks the subordinate subject. Thus, we have:
ŚTEṈ = walk (verb)
SŚTEṈ = walk (noun)
‣ 5 There are two variations on the subordinate adverbial construction. Models 1 through 4 show the first variation. The basic pattern for this variation is shown in model 1 below for the First variation of the subordinate adverbial expression:
X̱EN SEN ¸E Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ. ‘I walk fast.’ / ‘I’m fast when I walk.’
quality subject prep Ȼ possessive S-event
fast I Ȼ my walk
Of course, the possessive will come after the event if it is third person ‑S or first-person plural ‑ȽTE.
‣ 6 Models 5 through 8 show the second variation. This variation also has the event in a Ȼ clause, but here the subject of the quality is the Ȼ clause. The basic pattern for this variation is shown in model 5 below for the Second variation of the subordinate adverbial expression:
X̱EN Ȼ NE SŚTEṈ. ‘I walk fast.’ / ‘My walking is fast.’
quality Ȼ possessive S-event
fast Ȼ my walk
The second translation is the more literal one. Again, the possessive will come after the event if it is third person ‑S or first-person plural ‑ȽTE.
‣ 7 Here are a few more words expressing qualities that can be used adverbially:
ETOTEṈ ‘sleepy’
I¸ÁNȻES ‘brave’
IYES ‘happy’
O¸ĆEṈ ‘slow’
SELÁWE¸ ‘sad’
SQOȾEȽ ‘crooked’
SṮO¸ṮEM¸ ‘correct’
 | ÁN¸ U¸ X̱EṈ Ȼ EN¸ SȻONEṈET. | ‘You ran very fast.’ |
 | ÁN¸ LE¸ SEN U¸ SÁ¸SI¸! | ‘I was really scared!’ |
| STÁṈ OĆE ȻSE EN¸ ŚSÁ¸SI¸? | ‘What scared you?’ |
| NIȽ SṮÁLEḴEM! | ‘It was a monster!’ |
| 29.1A. Translate each into English. 1. X̱EṈ E SW̱ Ȼ EN¸ SȻONEṈET? 2. ÍY¸ ¸E Ȼ S¸ISTS ŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸. 3. O¸ĆEṈ SEN Ȼ NE S¸IȽEN. 4. ÁN¸ U¸ I¸ÁNȻES ¸E Ȼ EN¸ SYÁ¸. | 29.1B. Translate each into SENĆOŦEN using both types of the subordinate adverbial expression. 1. I walked slowly. 2. Did he paddle well? 3. You folks dove quickly. 4. Will he walk fast? |