SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

47 Relative Clauses

43373 19 Every, All, Any, and Some
As with Ȼ clauses (§46), a relative clause is a sentence embedded within another sentence. Specifically, a relative clause is way of modifying a noun with a sentence. Also, as with Ȼ clauses, it will help to understand SENĆOŦEN relative clauses by first looking at English relative clauses.

Take the two sentences ‘You saw the man’ and ‘The man went.’ We can use the second sentence to modify the noun ‘man’ in the first by combining the two sentences: ‘You saw the man that went.’ Here, ‘that went’ is the relative clause.

The relative clause in ‘You saw the man that went’ modifies the noun ‘man.’ We call the noun that is modified the head of the relative clause.

It is possible to have both subjects and objects in the relative clause. For example, we can combine ‘You saw the man’ with ‘I saw the man’ to get ‘You saw the man that I saw.’ The relative clause in this sentence is ‘that I saw.’ The head is, again, the noun ‘man.’ Notice that the object of the sentence ‘I saw the man’ disappears when it combines with ‘You saw the man’ to become a relative clause.

For another example, combine ‘You saw the man’ with ‘The man saw me.’ This time you get ‘You saw the man that saw me.’ This time it is the subject of the relative clause that disappears.

Study these patterns:
Subject of an intransitive relative clause is head:
You saw the man    that went.
                head    relative clause
Subject of a transitive relative clause is head:
You saw the man      that saw me.
                  head      relative clause
Object of relative clause is head:
You saw the man     that I saw.
                 head     relative clause
The basic relative clauses covered in this section are those that are introduced in English with a word like ‘that’ (as in the examples above and the models below) or ‘who’ (as in ‘the man who I saw’) or ‘which’ (as in ‘the canoe which I saw’). As it happens, SENĆOŦEN is somewhat similar to English in the way it forms these types of basic relative clauses. There are, however, other types of relative clauses in English, such as ‘the place where I live’ or ‘the reason why I left.’ The translations to these are formed very differently in SENĆOŦEN and are covered in §26.3 and §39.

A technical description and discussion of SENĆOŦEN relative clauses can be found in Montler 1993.
 

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 47.1. Head subject of relative clause
  2. 47.2. Head object of relative clause
  3. 47.3. Headless relative clauses

This page has tags:

  1. 18.1. Asking ‘Whose?’ questions Montler, et al.
  2. 6 Adjectives Montler, et al.
  3. 15.1. ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ Montler, et al.
  4. 46 Ȼ Clauses Montler, et al.
  5. 23.2. Time of day Montler, et al.
  6. 26.3. ‘Be here,’ ‘be there,’ and ‘be where’ Montler, et al.
  7. 57.1. This, that, and that far Montler, et al.
  8. 16.3. ‘Which one?’ Montler, et al.
  9. 18.2. Answers to ‘Whose?’ questions Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 46 Ȼ Clauses
  2. 26.3. ‘Be here,’ ‘be there,’ and ‘be where’
  3. 39 Because