SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

22 Numbers

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In the following sections, you will need to know numbers for telling time and age. The grammar of numbers in SENĆOŦEN is not difficult, but there are a few things that make it different from English. Here are the basic SENĆOŦEN numbers with the primary stressed vowel in red.
NEȾE¸     ‘1’
ĆESE¸      ‘2’
ȽIW̱         ‘3’
ṈOS         ‘4’
ȽKÁĆES   ‘5’
DXEṈ      ‘6’
ȾO¸ȻES   ‘7’
TÁ¸ŦES    ‘8’
TEȻEW̱   ‘9’
OPEN      ‘10’
OPEN I¸ ȻS NEȾE¸        ‘11’
OPEN I¸ ȻS ĆESE¸         ‘12’
OPEN I¸ ȻS ȽIW̱            ‘13
OPEN I¸ ȻS ṈAS           ‘14’
OPEN I¸ ȻS ȽKÁĆES      ‘15’
OPEN I¸ ȻS DXEṈ         ‘16’
OPEN I¸ ȻS ȾO¸ȻES      ‘17’
OPEN I¸ ȻS TÁ¸ŦES       ‘18’
OPEN I¸ ȻS TEȻEW̱      ‘19’
ȾEW̱QES                       ‘20’
ȾEW̱QES I¸ ȻS NEȾE¸    ‘21’
ȽEW̱ȽŚÁ¸                       ‘30’
ṈESȽŚÁ¸                        ‘40’
ȽKEĆSȽŚÁ¸                    ‘50’
DXEṈȽŚÁ¸                     ‘60’
ȾE¸ȻSȽŚÁ¸                     ‘70’
ĆTEMO¸ES                    ‘80’
TEȻW̱EȽŚÁ¸                  ‘90’
SNÁJEU¸EĆ                   ‘100’
OPEN SNÁJEU¸EĆ        ‘1000’
‣ 1 The SENĆOŦEN system is decimal—based on ten—like English. The numbers eleven to nineteen are literally ‘ten and a one,’  ‘ten and a two,’ and so on. The numbers twenty and above follow the same pattern. So, for example, ‘101’ is SNÁJEU¸EĆ I¸ ȻS NEȾE¸.
‣ 2 The word for 20, ȾEW̱QES, is unique, but the words for numbers 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 90 are regular. They each have the suffix ‑ȽŚÁ¸ ‘multiple of 10.’ It means the same thing as the English suffix ‑ty on ‘sixty.’ The word for 80 is different. John Elliott suggests that this might come from the word for ‘otter’ ĆTEMES. Otter pelts were, at one time, worth $80.
‣ 3 For 200, 300, and so on, use the word for 2, 3, and so on, before the word for 100 as in  ĆESE¸ SNÁJEU¸EĆ ‘200’ and ȽIW̱  SNÁJEU¸EĆ ‘300.’ This works all the way up to 1000 and beyond.
‣ 4 A special word for 200, ŦÁṈ¸EĆ, was used by some of the oldest SENĆOŦEN speakers, but is not remembered by elders today.
‣ 5 English has a special set of ordinal numbers for talking about order in a series: ‘first,’ ‘second,’ ‘third,’ ‘fourth,’ and so on. SENĆOŦEN just uses the basic words shown above. For example, NIȽ TŦE ĆESE¸ SOȽ ‘It’s the second door.’
‣ 6 A special set of suffixes on the numbers is used when counting various kinds of things. These are covered in detail in §37.3 on the lexical suffixes.
‣ 7 Two sets of special counting forms are particularly useful. One is forms for counting people (with the stressed vowel in red):
NO¸ȾE¸          ‘one person’
ĆÁ¸SE¸           ‘two people’
ȽW̱ÁLE           ‘three people’
ṈESÁLE          ‘four people’
ȽKEĆESÁLE    ‘five people’
DXEṈÁLE         ‘six people’
ȾE¸ȻESÁLE       ‘seven people’
TE¸ŦESÁLE       ‘eight people’
TEȻEW̱ÁLE      ‘nine people’
EPENÁLE         ‘ten people’
‣ 8 Compare these with the basic numbers. Note that in the words for counting people shown in point 7, the words for ‘one person’ and ‘two people’ are different from the rest.  For these two, the vowel changes and a glottal stop appears after the stressed vowel.
‣ 9 After ‘one person’ and ‘two people,’ all of the numbers have the ‑ÁLE ‘person’ suffix. This suffix always takes stress away from the word it is attached to. Therefore, the vowel of the root reduces to E.  See point 7 in the Notes on Pronunciation section of Part 1 for more information about this vowel reduction.
‣ 10 The other very useful set of counting forms is for counting times:
NEȾÁW̱             ‘once’
ŦEṈŦÁṈ             ‘twice’
ȽW̱ÁȽ                  ‘three times’
ṈESÁȽ               ‘four times’
ȽKEĆESÁȽ         ‘five times’
DXEṈÁȽ            ‘six times’
ȾE¸ȻESÁȽ           ‘seven times’
TE¸ŦESÁȽ           ‘eight times’
TEȻEW̱ÁȽ          ‘nine times’
EPENÁȽ             ‘ten times’
‣ 11 NEȾÁW̱ ‘once’ is derived from the word NEȾE¸ ‘one.’ This is a special form of the word. Just as in English, the words for ‘once’ and ‘twice’ have special forms. For numbers higher than two, the ‘times’ form is regular.
 
QENNEW̱ SEN ȻSE ĆÁ¸SE¸ KÁ¸ṈI¸‘I saw two girls.’
EWE. ȽW̱ÁLE LE¸.‘No. It was three.’
U¸ HÍ SEN U¸ QENNEW̱ ȻSE ĆÁ¸SE¸.‘I saw only two.’
ÁN¸ U¸ ÍY¸ TŦE NE ḴELEṈ¸.‘I have very good eyes.’

22A. Count in SENĆOŦEN the number of words in this sentence. Then count in SENĆOŦEN the number of words in this sentence. Now count in SENĆOŦEN the words in all three of these sentences.
22B. Practice counting in SENĆOŦEN backwards from ten until you can do it smoothly.

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 23.4. Never, Ever, Once in a While, and Anymore Montler, et al.
  2. 59.1. Diminutive Montler, et al.
  3. 37.3. Lexical suffixes with numbers Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 37.3. Lexical suffixes with numbers