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SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

33 Passive

43373 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants
An active sentence has a subject that is doing the action. The sentence ‘I helped him’ is active because it is ‘I,’ the subject, that is doing the helping. Transitive sentences (see §1) are active.
For every active sentence there is a passive sentence that means the same thing. For example, ‘The girl helped the dog’ is active, and ‘The dog was helped by the girl’ is its passive form.

          Active:             The girl helped the dog.
          Passive:           The dog was helped by the girl.

Most languages of the world have ways of forming both active and passive sentences. There are exceptions, but SENĆOŦEN is not one. However, SENĆOŦEN passives differ from English passives in two important respects.

The most obvious difference is that in SENĆOŦEN a passive sentence is formed just by adding a suffix ‑EṈ to the basic transitive verb.

The second difference is that in English the passive is always optional. In English you can always replace a passive sentence with its active form. In SENĆOŦEN, however, there are certain situations where the passive must be used.

Just as with the two basic types of object pronoun (discussed in §32), there are two basic forms of the passive: a control form, where the actor is in control, and a noncontrol form, where the actor is not in control.

Another feature of passives in English is that they can have an actor mentioned in a ‘by’ phrase, as in ‘she was helped by the boy.’ SENĆOŦEN can add actors in a similar way. Review §8.1 on how the preposition ¸E is used for this purpose. There is more on the passive and active voice in §35.
 

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 33.1. Control passive
  2. 33.2. Noncontrol Passive

This page has tags:

  1. 32.2. Object pronouns (subject not in control): NEW̱ verbs Montler, et al.
  2. 32.1. Object pronouns (subject in control): ET verbs Montler, et al.
  3. 40.1. Agent causative: -ISTW̱ Montler, et al.
  4. 48.6. ÁL¸ṈEN ‘want to do,’ STEN¸OM¸ET ‘pretend to do’ Montler, et al.
  5. 8 The Preposition Montler, et al.
  6. 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs