SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

30 Conditional Clauses

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Every language has at least one way of expressing conditions on some event. English, for example, uses the word ‘if’ to indicate a condition, as in ‘If I whistle, you jump.’ Notice that there are two events here: ‘I whistle’ and ‘you jump.’ These are called clauses. The main clause in this example sentence is ‘you jump’; the condition clause is ‘I whistle.’

English has another way of stating a condition, as in ‘When I whistle, you jump.’ In this example ‘when’ means basically the same thing as ‘if’ in the previous example.

SENĆOŦEN has two ways of expressing conditions. The first construction, described in §30.1, is the subordinate conditional, which is very similar to the English construction with a subordinate ‘if’ or ‘when’ clause. The second construction, covered in §30.2, is very common in SENĆOŦEN, but unusual from the point of view of English and the other European languages. In this construction there are two main clauses—one with a special verb meaning ‘if’ or ‘when.’

A very common use of conditional expressions is in talking about hypothetical situations. The expression of hypothetical situations in SENĆOŦEN is covered in §30.3.
 

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 30.1. Subordinate conditional
  2. 30.2. Coordinate conditional
  3. 30.3. Hypothetical: Ḵ
  4. 30.4. Or

This page has tags:

  1. 46 Ȼ Clauses Montler, et al.
  2. 53 Indirect Quotes Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 30.2. Coordinate conditional
  2. 30.1. Subordinate conditional
  3. 30.3. Hypothetical: Ḵ