SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

1.2. Transitive subject pronouns

43373 2 Past and Future Tense
     Singular      Plural
1       ____  SEN‘I’       ____  ȽTE‘we’
2       ____  SW̱‘you’       ____  SW̱ HÁLE‘you folks’
3        ____ ‑ES‘he, she, it’        ____ ‑ES‘they’
Models
1)    ȻENET SEN.                      ‘I take it.’
2)    ȻENET ȽTE.                       ‘We take it.’
3)    ȻENET SW̱.                       ‘You take it.’
4)    ȻENET SW̱ HÁLE.            ‘You all take it.’
5)    ȻENETES.                        ‘He/she/it/they take it.’








‣ 1 The transitive subjects are mostly the same as the intransitive subjects. Only the ‘he,’ ‘she,’ ‘it,’ or ‘they’ form is different:  it is an ‑ES ending (a suffix) on the verb.
‣ 2 Note that the direct object here is given as ‘it.’ This could also be translated as ‘him,’ ‘her,’ or ‘them.’ More on direct objects can be found in §32.
‣ 3 Note that ȻENET ‘take it, grab it’ and the other transitive verbs given below all end in ET. This is a good (but not always 100% reliable) way to tell that a verb is transitive:  if it ends in an ET or T, chances are it is transitive.
‣ 4 There are other endings on transitive verbs, such as ‑NEW̱ and ‑TW̱, that will be covered in later sections.
‣ 5 Here are some other transitive verbs. Usually SENĆOŦEN spelling does not mark stress—the strongest vowel in a word. In this list, the stressed vowel is marked with an underline to help you remember how to pronounce it. Memorize these now for use in this and later sections:   
ȻENÁṈET‘help it’ŚJET‘hit it’ 
QENET‘look at it’ŚEJNEW̱‘hit it (accidentally)’
QENNEW̱‘see it’SÁ¸ET‘lift it’
W̱EĆET‘wake it’ȻÁ¸ET‘drop it’
ŚÁMET‘dry it’XĆIT‘know it’
ȽIȾET‘cut it’TȻET‘break it (a long object)’
MEDET‘bend it’ȻENET‘take it’
 
ÁȽE E SW̱ U¸ ÍY¸ OL¸?‘How are you?’
U¸ ÍY¸ SEN.‘I’m fine.’
STOṈET SW̱ ȻEĆÁ?‘What are you doing?’
ȻONEṈET SEN.‘I’m running. (I run.)’
X̱ENIṈ ȻEĆÁ EN¸ ŚW̱ȻONEṈET?‘Why do you run?’
ȻENET SEN.‘I took it.’
 
1.2A. Translate each of the following into English.
1. ȻENET ȽTE.
2. ȻÁ¸ET SEN.
3. ȻENÁṈETES.
4. W̱EĆET SW̱.
5. SÁ¸ET SEN.
6. TȻET ȽTE.
7. ŚJET SW̱.
8. ȻENETES.
9. XĆIT ȽTE.
10. ȽIȾET SW̱ HÁLE.		1.2B. Translate each of the following into SENĆOŦEN.
1. You hold it.
2. We dry it.
3. I break it.
4. They drop it.
5. She hit it.
6. He takes it.
7. You all lift it.
8. You help it.
9. We cut it.
10. I know it.

1.2C. Write three SENĆOŦEN sentences not shown in 1.2 using the transitive verbs shown above.
1.2D. Find four more transitive SENĆOŦEN verbs and make three sentences with each.

 

This page has paths:

  1. 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 32.2. Object pronouns (subject not in control): NEW̱ verbs Montler, et al.
  2. 12.5. ‘None,’ ‘nothing,’ and ‘not exist’ Montler, et al.
  3. 40.3. Let causative: -TW̱ Montler, et al.
  4. 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems Montler, et al.
  5. 51.1. A smoothly flowing story Montler, et al.
  6. 13.1. Reflexive Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 32 Object Pronouns