SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

10.1. U¸-class auxiliaries

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Models
1)ÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I am very tired.’
2)EN¸ÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I am really very tired.’
3)JÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I am too tired.’
4)SJÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I am completely tired.’
5)YOŦ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I am always tired.’
6)ṮÁ¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I am also tired.’
7)JÁN¸ SEN U¸ IȽEN.‘I really ate.’ / ‘I ate too much.’
8)JÁN¸ LE¸ SEN U¸ QENNEW̱ TŦE SMÍYEŦ.‘I really saw the deer.’

‣ 1 The first word in each of the models is a U¸-class auxiliary. They are called that because the small word U¸ is required to link the auxiliary to the main verb. New words in the models show the stressed vowel underlined.  
‣ 2 The first six models illustrate all six of the U¸-class auxiliaries.
‣ 3 Usually the main verb occurring with one of these auxiliaries is a quality word functioning as an intransitive verb. Review §6 on adjectives as intransitive verbs.
‣ 4 Although the main verb is usually a quality word, it does not necessarily have to be. The last two models (7 and 8) show that an intransitive verb, IȽEN ‘eat,’ as in model 7, can take an auxiliary, and even a transitive verb with its direct object, as in model 8, QENNEW̱ TŦE SMÍYEŦ ‘see the deer,’ can take an auxiliary.
‣ 5 The auxiliaries in models 1 and 2, ÁN¸ and EN¸ÁN¸, are obviously related, and both are typically translated ‘very’ or ‘really.’ The difference in meaning between them is a matter of degree. The second one, EN¸ÁN¸, is stronger than the first, ÁN¸.
‣ 6 The auxiliaries in the third and fourth models, JÁN¸ and SJÁN¸, are also obviously related. These are both also often translated ‘very’ or ‘really.’ The difference between JÁN¸ and SJÁN¸ is subtle. SJÁN¸ has the ‘stative’ prefix (§43), which indicates that it refers to a particular state of being. This auxiliary has been recorded only with words expressing qualities—not with any other intransitive or transitive verbs.
‣ 7 Note that the subject follows the intensifier—not the main verb. This illustrates the general fact of the SENĆOŦEN language that we have seen with serial verb constructions (§9): the ‘I’ or ‘you’ subject and other speech act modifiers (§3) always follow the first word of the sentence.
‣ 8 It is possible to have more than one of these auxiliaries in a simple sentence. If you have more than one, both have the U¸ linker, and the subject and other speech act modifiers still follow only the first one: YOŦ SEN U¸ ÁN¸ U¸ ȽĆIȻES ‘I am always very tired.’
‣ 9 The auxiliary in the second model, EN¸ÁN¸, has several alternate pronunciations. Depending on the speaker, this could be NÁN¸ or EN¸ON¸ or NON¸.
‣ 10 The auxiliary ṮÁ¸ means ‘also, too’. The word ṮÁ¸ means something different when it is not followed by the U¸ linker. Remove the U¸ from the model ṮÁ¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES ‘I am tired, too’ and you get ṮÁ¸ SEN ȽĆIȻES ‘I am tired again.’ The little U¸ makes a big meaning difference.
‣ 11 The models all have ȽĆIȻES ‘tired.’ This does not have to be an adjective. Any kind of word can fill this position. For example, ÁN¸ U¸ SNÁT ‘It’s very late’ has the noun SNÁT ‘night.’ And ÁN¸ U¸ JISEṈ ‘It really grows’ has the verb JISEṈ ‘grow.’
 
U¸ ÍY¸ E SW̱?‘Are you okay?’
ÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I’m very tired.’
ṮÁ¸ SEN U¸ ÁN¸ U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I’m very tired, too.’
U¸ YÁŦ SW̱ U¸ ȽĆÍȻES.‘You are always tired.’

10.1A. Which of these sentences is ungrammatical? If it is ungrammatical, explain why it is. If it is grammatical, translate the sentence. If you see a word you do not know, look it up in the SENĆOŦEN dictionary.
1. ÁN¸ U¸ ĆEḴ.
2. YOŦ SEN ȻENÁṈET.
3. YOŦ U¸ ȻENÁṈET SEN.
4. ṮÁ¸ SEN U¸ IȽEN ¸E TŦE SEPLIL.
5. ṮÁ¸ E SW̱ U¸ IȽEN TŦE SEPLIL?
6.  JÁN¸ E U¸ IȽEN TŦE SḴAXE¸?
7.  JÁN¸ E U¸ IȽEN TŦE SḴAXE¸
8.  NON¸ U¸ ȽĆIȻES ŦE NE TÁN.
9.  SJÁN¸ ȽĆIȻES TŦE NE SḴAXE¸.
10.  ṮÁ¸ U¸ ȽĆIȻES E SW̱?
10.1B. Make four new SENĆOŦEN sentences using U¸‑class auxiliaries.
 

This page has paths:

  1. 10 Auxiliaries Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 20.1. Equative constructions Montler, et al.
  2. 20.2. Comparative constructions: The ÁN¸ Comparative Montler, et al.
  3. 28.1. ‘How?’ Montler, et al.
  4. 23.3. Sometime, always, long time, long ago, short time, and recently Montler, et al.
  5. 23.6. Now and later Montler, et al.
  6. 61.2. ‘Thank you’ and ‘Welcome’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 6 Adjectives
  2. 3 Basic Speech Acts
  3. 43 State, Result, and Duration