SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

24 Time Prefixes

43373 57 More Demonstrative Articles
In §21.1, the ĆEN¸‑ ‘time’ prefix was introduced. In point 7 of that chapter it was noted that ĆEN¸‑ is not productive. It occurs on only the few words listed in that chapter. SENĆOŦEN does have a few productive prefixes that express ideas of time. These prefixes can be added to nouns, verbs, or adjectives to add the ideas ‘already,’ ‘yet,’ ‘still,’ ‘first,’ and ‘next.’ They are very common prefixes and important because they can dramatically change the meaning of a word or sentence.
Models
1)ȻȽ ĆEḴ SEN.‘I’m already big.’
2)ȻȽ IȽEN SEN.‘I already ate.’
3)TUWE X̱EṈ SEN.‘I’m still fast.’
4)TUWE IȽEN SEN.‘I still eat.’
5)TUWE SW͸ḴE¸ SEN.‘I’m still a man.’
6)TW̱ES IȽEN SEN SE¸.‘I’m going to eat first.’
7)TW̱ES YÁ¸ SEN.‘I’m going for a little while.’
8)TW̱ES IȽEN SE¸ I¸ NE SYÁ¸.‘I'll eat first before I go.’
9)TW̱ES IȽEN¸ I¸ ĆE YÁ¸ SEN.‘I ate before I left.’
10)ȽĆIȻES I¸ ĆE JÁṈ¸.‘He was tired by the time he got home.’

‣ 1 Models 1 and 2 show the very common prefix ȻȽ. This often can be translated perfectly as ‘already,’ but sometimes that word is not the best translation. A more general meaning for this prefix is ‘at this time’ or ‘at that time.’
‣ 2 Models 3, 4, and 5 show another common prefix, TUWE. This is usually translated ‘still’ and can be put on any noun, adjective, or verb.
‣ 3 The word ‘still’ in English has many meanings. One dictionary lists over a dozen definitions for ‘still.’ Keep in mind that the SENĆOŦEN prefix TUWE is used only to express that a certain situation is or was ongoing, continuing from some previous time. For example, model 3 expresses the idea that I was fast and I continue to be fast.
‣ 4 The TUWE prefix is usually used with the ‘actual aspect’ form of a word. So a sentence that is more likely than model 4 is TUWE I¸ȽEN¸ SEN ‘I’m still eating.’ IȽEN is ‘eat’ and I¸ȽEN¸ ‘eating’ is the ‘actual aspect’ form indicating that it is continuing. There is much more detail on the actual aspect in §42.
‣ 5 Models 6, 7, 8, and 9 show several translations for the prefix TW̱ES. In the SENĆOŦEN dictionary, this prefix as listed as TW̱E with the S as part of another suffix. We have come to understand more about SENĆOŦEN grammar since the publication of the dictionary and see that the S should really be considered part of the prefix.
‣ 6 The TW̱ES prefix has the general use of expressing a situation that will or has happened first, before some other situation. Model 6 shows how the prefix is typically used. This sentence means ‘I’m going to eat first (before I do something else).’ Note that this does not mean ‘I’m going to eat first (before everyone else).’
‣ 7 Model 7 could also be translated ‘I’m going to go first,’ but the elder who provided this sentence explained that this implies ‘I’m going for a little while (before I come back).’
‣ 8 Model 8 has the explicit ‘before I go’ clause conjoined to the clause with TW̱ES. The word ĆÁȽ was covered in §23.6 where it was described as meaning ‘just at a particular time.’ Model 8 could be translated somewhat more literally as ‘I will eat before the particular time that I go.’
‣ 9 Model 9 has the TW̱ES ‘first, before’ prefix on the first of two conjoined clauses and the ĆE ‘next before’ prefix on the second clause. This sentence could be literally translated ‘I ate before and next I left.’
‣ 10 That ĆE prefix in model 9 is the last of the SENĆOŦEN time prefix to be discussed here. Model 10 shows that it can also be translated ‘by the time.’ Model 10 could also be translated ‘He was tired and next he arrived home.’
‣ 11 New vocabulary:
               ȽĆIȻES ‘tired’
               JÁṈ¸     ‘arrive home’
 
ȻȽ IȽEN E SW̱?‘Did you eat already?’
TUWE I¸ȽEN¸ SEN.‘I’m still eating.’
TW̱ES IȽEN¸ I¸ ĆE YÁ¸ SEN.‘I ate before I left.’
EN¸ÁN¸ SEN U¸ O¸ĆEṈ.‘I’m very slow.’
 
24A. Translate each into English.
1. ȻȽ TES SEN ¸E Ṯ METULIYE.
2. TW̱ES ITET ȽTE SE¸.
3. TUWE ITET E SW̱?
4. TW̱ES IST SEN.		24B. Translate each into SENĆOŦEN.
1. I already ran.
2. Are you still standing at the door?
3. We just now left.
4. I’ll eat before I sleep.

 

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 21.1. Asking about time: Subordinate event Montler, et al.
  2. 54 Verbal Prefixes Montler, et al.
  3. 23.6. Now and later Montler, et al.
  4. 56 Adverbial Prefixes Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 42 The Actual Aspect