SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

28.1. ‘How?’

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Models
1)U¸ SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ SW̱ OL¸?‘How are you?’
2)U¸ SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ ȻEĆÁ?‘So, how is it?’
3)U¸ SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ OL¸ ȻŦE EN¸ TÁN?‘How is your mother?’
4)SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ SW̱ ȻEĆÁ Ȼ EN¸ SYÁ¸?‘How did you go?’
5)SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ LE¸ Ȼ EN¸ SYÁ¸?‘How did you go?’
6)SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ SE¸ Ȼ EN¸ SYÁ¸?‘How will you go?’
7)SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ Ȼ EN¸ SḰÁL ȻE SENĆOŦENEW̱?‘How do you say it in SENĆOŦEN?’

‣ 1 The basic meaning of SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ includes ‘way, manner’ as well as ‘how.’
‣ 2 Model 1 may already be familiar to you. This is a common way of greeting someone.
‣ 3 The U¸ at the beginning of models 1, 2, and 3, is not really necessary, but almost always used in conversation. It adds a subtle meaning of contrast with some other situation. This U¸ prefix sounds like, but is not the same as the U¸ auxiliary linker described in §10.1. This contrast U¸ is also discussed in §11.2, §19, §20.3, §23.6, §30.2, §51.2, and §56.1.
‣ 4 The ȻEĆÁ in model 2 is also not necessary for a grammatical sentence, but it does make the sentence sound more conversational. This is translated ‘so’ here, but it is also often translated ‘therefore’ and many times just does not appear in the English translation. This and other speech act modifiers are covered in §48.
‣ 5 The basic pattern in models 5 and 6 should be familiar. If not, review §21 on ‘when’ questions. The pattern here is basically the same as that.
‣ 6 Just as with the ‘when?’ questions, the subject of the event in 5 and 6 is indicated with the possessive pronoun in a Ȼ clause.
‣ 7 Model 7 is a useful sentence. The first part, SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ Ȼ EN¸ SḰÁL, follows the pattern of models 5 and 6. This part could be translated literally as ‘How do you speak?’ The ending, ȻE SENĆOŦENEW̱, is a conditional clause that can be literally translated ‘when you speak SENĆOŦEN.’ This type of subordinate clause is covered in detail in §30.1.
‣ 8 SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ is based on the the word X̱ENIṈ ‘to be a way, manner, like’ with the S‑ ‘stative’ prefix (§43). This word is used in the ‘never ever’ construction (§23.4) and in ‘why’ questions (§38).
   
U¸ SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ OL¸ ȻŦE EN¸ SÁĆS?‘How is your aunt?’
MÁ¸ȻEȽ ȻE.‘She got hurt.’
STOṈET OĆE ȻSE EN¸ SÁĆS?‘What happened to your aunt?’
ȾSETEṈ ȻE ¸E ȻSE POL.‘She was hit by a ball.’
 
28.1A. Translate each into English.
1. U¸ SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ OL¸ ȻŦE EN¸ SḴAXE¸?
2. SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ Ȼ EN¸ SȾSETEṈ?
3. SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ SE¸ Ȼ NE SȻENÁṈET?
4. SX̱EN¸I¸EṈ¸ Ȼ EN¸ SḰÁL ȻE W̱ENITEMḴENEW̱?		28.1B. Translate each into SENĆOŦEN.
1. How did you get here?
2. How was our mother?
3. How did your mother go to town?
4. How will we hold this dog?

This page has paths:

  1. 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 23.4. Never, Ever, Once in a While, and Anymore Montler, et al.
  2. 28.2. ‘How much?’ ‘How many?’ Montler, et al.
  3. 30.2. Coordinate conditional Montler, et al.
  4. 46 Ȼ Clauses Montler, et al.
  5. 48 Speech Act Modifiers Montler, et al.
  6. 38.1. ‘Why’ with ŚW̱- Montler, et al.
  7. 56.1. TU¸- ‘kind of,’ I¸- ‘process,’ U¸- ‘contrast’ Montler, et al.
  8. 48.3. ȻE ‘inform new,’ ȻSI¸ ‘inform shared,’ JE ‘apparently,’ ȻEĆÁ ‘consequence,’ OL¸ ‘limit’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 21 Questions: ‘When?’
  2. 23.4. Never, Ever, Once in a While, and Anymore
  3. 20.3. Comparative constructions: The Focus Comparative
  4. 30.1. Subordinate conditional
  5. 30.2. Coordinate conditional
  6. 51.2. Using SU¸- and NIȽ SU¸-
  7. 38 Questions: ‘Why?’
  8. 43 State, Result, and Duration
  9. 11.2. ‘But’ and ‘without’
  10. 48 Speech Act Modifiers
  11. 10.1. U¸-class auxiliaries
  12. 23.6. Now and later
  13. 19 Every, All, Any, and Some
  14. 56 Adverbial Prefixes