SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to

43373
Models
1)ÍY¸ Ȼ NE SYÁ¸.‘I should go.’
2)SQȺ Ȼ NE S¸EWE S YÁ¸.‘I must go.’
3)NE SṮI¸ Ȼ NE SYÁ¸.‘I want to go.’
4)YÁ¸ YEḴLE¸ SEN.‘I ought to go.’
5)EWENE OL¸ ŚW̱LÁ¸ES Ȼ NE SYÁ¸.‘I don’t have to go.’

‣ 1 These are four very common constructions in SENĆOŦEN narratives and conversation. So they are very useful patterns to memorize.
‣ 2 Model 1 could also be translated ‘I better go.’ The first key word here is ÍY¸ ‘good.’ The sentence could be literally translated ‘It’s good that I go.’
‣ 3 The second key element in model 1 is the Ȼ clause. This important, subordinate clause pattern has appeared in twelve sections so far in this grammar. See §46 for a detailed summary.
‣ 4 Any verb, in fact, any sentence can be put into this Ȼ clause. For example, ÍY¸ Ȼ NE SDOQ ‘I should go home,’ ÍY¸ Ȼ SQENET ȽTE ȻSE SNEW̱EȽ ‘We should look at the canoe,’ and so on.
‣ 5 Emphasis can be added to sentences like model 1 in several ways. The most common way is to use an intensifier auxiliary as in ÁN¸ U¸ ÍY¸ Ȼ NE SYÁ¸ ‘I really should go.’
‣ 6 The pattern shown in model 2 expresses a situation that is a requirement. Model 2 could also be translated ‘I have to go.’ This is a very frequently used construction.
‣ 7 The first key word in model 2 is SQȺ ‘unable, cannot, impossible.’ Model 2 is literally ‘It’s impossible that I not go’ or ‘I can’t not go.’ To say ‘We have to go’ just change the possessive on EWE: SQȺ Ȼ S¸EWE ȽTE S YÁ¸.
‣ 8 Model 2 means ‘I have to go.’ To say ‘I don’t have to go,’ simply use the negation pattern covered in §12.2: EWE S SQȺ Ȼ NE S¸EWE S YÁ¸ ‘I don’t have to go.’ Literally this is ‘It is not impossible that I not go.’ Another way to say ‘not have to’ is shown in model 5. See point 14, below.
‣ 9 A Ȼ clause is again the second key to the pattern of model 2. Just as noted for model 1 in point 4, any verb or sentence can be put into this Ȼ clause: SQȺ Ȼ NE S¸EWE S DOQ ‘I have to go home,’ SQȺ Ȼ S¸EWE S QENET ȽTE ȻSE SNEW̱EȽ ‘We must look at the canoe,’ and so on.
‣ 10 The pattern shown in model 3 expresses a situation that is desired. The first key word in model 3 is SṮI¸ ‘want, like, need.’ This is one of a small class of verbs that require the S‑ noun prefix and always have a subject marked by the possessive. A very rough literal translation of model 3 is ‘My going is my wanting.’ See §49 for more on this class of verbs.
‣ 11 Again the second key to the pattern here in model 3 is a Ȼ clause. Just as for model 1 and model 2, any verb or sentence can substitute for YÁ¸ here: NE SṮI¸ Ȼ NE SDOQ ‘I want to go home,’ SṮI¸ ȽTE Ȼ SQENET ȽTE ȻSE SNEW̱EȽ ‘We want to look at the canoe,’ and so on.
‣ 12 Model 4 is a completely different pattern from models 1, 2, and 3. In model 4 the key is the speech act modifier YEḴLE¸. Speech act modifiers are introduced in §3 and covered in detail in §48. This one is mentioned here because of its meaning similarity to model 1.
‣ 13 The difference in meaning between model 1 and model 4 is that model 1 represents good advice. For example, you see the weather changing and you think ÍY¸ Ȼ NE SYÁ¸ ‘I better go’ before it gets worse. Model 4, on the other hand, represents a duty or obligation that might not be fulfilled. For example, your mother told you to go to the store, but you haven’t yet, and you think YÁ¸ YEḴLE¸ SEN ‘I ought to go’ because my mother asked me to.
‣ 14 Model 5 is the reverse of model 2 and alternative way to say ‘not have to’ (see point 8). This could also be translated ‘It doesn’t matter if I go.’ The key here is the beginning, EWENE OL¸ ŚW̱LÁ¸ES. This is literally ‘its reason for being there just does not exist.’ EWENE ‘not exist’ is covered in §12.5. The particle OL¸ occurs in several constructions and is covered in §48.3. ŚW̱LÁ¸ES can be translated ‘where it is’ or ‘its reason for being there.’ The whole phrase makes a special idiom meaning ‘not have to.’
   
EWE S NE SṮI¸ Ȼ NE SYÁ¸.‘I don’t want to go.’
SQȺ Ȼ EN¸ S¸EWE S YÁ¸.‘You have to go.’
YÁ¸ YEḴLE¸ SEN.‘I ought to go.’
ÁN¸ U¸ ÍY¸ Ȼ EN¸ SYÁ¸.‘You really should go.’
 
1A. Translate each into English.
1. EWE S NE SṮI¸ Ȼ NE SYÁ¸ ṮE METULIYE.
2. SQȺ Ȼ NE S¸EWE S IȽEN.
3. DILEM YEḴLE¸ SW̱.
4. ÍY¸ Ȼ EN¸ SŚTEṈ DOQ.		31B. Translate each into SENĆOŦEN.
1. I should sleep.
2. You should get up if you want to go.
3. We have to go home soon.
4. I want to eat salmon.

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 46 Ȼ Clauses Montler, et al.
  2. 48 Speech Act Modifiers Montler, et al.
  3. 49 Possessed Verbs Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 12.5. ‘None,’ ‘nothing,’ and ‘not exist’
  2. 46 Ȼ Clauses
  3. 49 Possessed Verbs
  4. 12.2. ‘Not’ with ‘it/he/she’
  5. 48.3. ȻE ‘inform new,’ ȻSI¸ ‘inform shared,’ JE ‘apparently,’ ȻEĆÁ ‘consequence,’ OL¸ ‘limit’