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SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

4 Nouns and Articles

43373 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion
Articles and nouns go together. Nouns can usually be thought of as words referring to people, places, or things. In English, articles are small words that precede nouns. In English, the articles are ‘the,’ ‘a,’ ‘an,’ ‘this,’ ‘that,’ ‘these,’ and ‘those.’ The articles that point directly at some noun, like ‘this,’ ‘that,’ ‘these,’ and ‘those,’ are also called demonstratives.

A noun phrase is generally a noun with its article. In an English noun phrase, the article precedes the noun as in ‘the deer,’ ‘a deer,’ ‘an elk,’ ‘this deer,’ ‘that deer,’ ‘these deer,’ and ‘those deer.’

In SENĆOŦEN, articles precede nouns just as in English. However, there are important differences.

First, in English an article is sometimes not required in a noun phrase to make a grammatical sentence, as in ‘I saw deer.’ In English we could also say ‘I saw a deer,’ ‘I saw the deer,’ and so on--the article is not required to make a noun phrase in English. In SENĆOŦEN, however, every noun phrase must have an article.

A second difference between English and SENĆOŦEN articles is that SENĆOŦEN has many more articles than English does. This section introduces a few of the most common basic SENĆOŦEN articles. The other demonstrative articles will be covered in §57. A complete list of the SENĆOŦEN demonstratives can be found in Appendix C.

The third difference is that the English and SENĆOŦEN articles do not always match in meaning. For example, there is no article in SENĆOŦEN that exactly matches the meaning and use of ‘a’ or ‘the’ in English.
 

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 4.1. Nouns
  2. 4.2. Particular article: TŦE
  3. 4.3. Not visible, particular article: ȻSE
  4. 4.4. Not particular article: ȻS
  5. 4.5. Feminine articles: ŦE and ȻŦE

This page has tags:

  1. 57.2. Definite, specific, and the other one Montler, et al.
  2. 57.1. This, that, and that far Montler, et al.
  3. 51.1. A smoothly flowing story Montler, et al.
  4. 57 More Demonstrative Articles Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles
  2. 57 More Demonstrative Articles