SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

53 Indirect Quotes

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Some reporting is done with direct quotes, as described in §52. Most often, however, reporting is done indirectly, as in these examples:
               He told me to go.
               He told me that I’d go.
               He told me what he wanted.
               He asked me to go.
               He asked me if I’d go.
               He asked me what I wanted.
               He said to go.
               He said that I’d go.
               He said what he wanted.
Compare these examples with those at the beginning of §52. Just as with the direct quotes in §52, in each case the speaker is reporting on what someone else said. Each sentence reports on what someone said but does so indirectly. Just as in the direct quotes, each of these sentences in English uses a reporting verb in the main clause. Unlike the direct quotes, each event that is reported in these examples is in a subordinate clause. Refresh your understanding of subordinate clauses by reviewing §30 and §46.

Indirect quotes are more common and more important than direct quotes in SENĆOŦEN, as in English. In this section we describe how to do indirect quotes in SENĆOŦEN to report commands, questions, and statements.
Models
1)AXEṈ ȻE EWÁ¸EN S YȺ¸.‘They said for me not to go.’
2)XENEṈ SEN ȻE YȺ¸ES.‘I said for him to go.’
3)SÁT SEN ȻE YÁ¸ES.‘I told him to go.’
4)SÁTEṈ SEN ȻE YÁ¸EN.‘I was told to go.’
5)ĆTÁT SEN ȻE YÁ¸ES.‘I asked him if he went.’
6)ĆTÁTEṈ ȻE YÁ¸ES.‘He was asked if he went.’
7)YEŦOST SEN ȻE YÁ¸ES.‘I told them to go.’
8)YEŦOSSE SEN ȻE YEŦOSTEW̱‘I told you to tell
         ȻE YÁ¸ES.        them to go.’
9)AXEṈ SEN Ȼ NE SYÁ¸.‘I said that I left.’
10)XENEṈ SEN Ȼ NE SYÁ¸.‘I said that I left.’
11)ĆTÁT SEN Ȼ YÁ¸S.‘I asked them to go.’

‣ 1 Two constructions are used in forming indirect quotes in SENĆOŦEN. The quote can be in a ȻE subordinate clause (models 1 to 8) or it can be in a Ȼ clause (models 9 and 10).
‣ 2 The ȻE clauses were covered in §30.1, where it was shown to introduce conditional clauses (‘if/when’), and §30.4, where it introduces alternative expressions (’or’). Review those sections now to refresh your memory of how those work.
‣ 3 Notice that most of the models here cannot be translated with ‘if,’ ‘when,’ or ‘or.’ Here the ȻE is used to introduce the indirect quote.
‣ 4 Just as with the other uses of ȻE clauses, the subject is marked by the subordinate subject suffixes (§17).
‣ 5 In models 1 to 4, the subordinate clause introduced by ȻE is an indirect command. In models 5 and 6, the subordinate clause introduced by ȻE is an indirect question. Indirect commands and indirect questions always appear in a ȻE clause, as the first six models show.
‣ 6 In models 7 and 8 are also indirect commands using a ȻE subordinate clause. Model 8 shows a subordinate clause within a subordinate clause. In the following, the embedded clauses are bracketed for model 8:
               YEŦOS-SE        SEN   [ȻE  YEŦOST-EW̱          [ȻE   YÁ¸-ES]].
              tell-you(obj)     I     [sub  tell-you(subj)    [sub go-they]]
‣ 7 Models 9, 10, and 11 show indirect statements rather than indirect commands or indirect questions.
‣ 8 In models 9, 10, and 11 the indirect quote appears in a Ȼ clause. This construction is covered in §46.
‣ 9 Note that the most common reporting verb for direct quotes, ḰÁL, is missing from the models here for indirect quotes. When used as a reporting verb, ḰÁL cannot be used with indirect quotes—only with direct quotes, as in §52.
 
SÁTEṈ SEN ȻE DOQEN.‘I was told to go home.’
X̱ENIṈ ȻEĆÁ?‘Why?’
ÁN¸ SEN U¸ SXÁȽEȽ.‘I’m really sick.’
TQISSE SEN SE¸.‘I’ll take you home.’
 
53A. Translate into English.
1. AXEṈ E SW̱ Ȼ EN¸ S¸IȽEN?
2. ĆTÁTES ȻE IȽENES.
3. ĆTÁTEṈ SEN ȻE IȽENEN.
4. CTÁT SEN Ȼ S¸IȽENS.		53B. Translate into SENĆOŦEN
1. They said they are leaving.
2. My mother told me to come home.
3. So then I said that I want water.
4. So I asked him if he got home.

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 30.1. Subordinate conditional Montler, et al.
  2. 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions
  2. 30 Conditional Clauses
  3. 30.1. Subordinate conditional
  4. 46 Ȼ Clauses
  5. 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes
  6. 30.4. Or