Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds
SENĆOŦEN Letter | Standard North American Phonemic Transcription | Articulatory Description | IPA Symbol |
¸ | ʔ | glottal stop | ʔ |
A | e | mid or low front lax vowel | ɛ or æ |
Á | e | mid front tense vowel | e |
Ⱥ | ey | diphthong: mid front tense vowel with palatal off-glide | ej |
B | p̕ | ejective bilabial plosive | p̕ |
C | k | voiceless velar plosive | k |
Ć | č | palato-alveolar affricate | ʧ |
Ȼ | kʷ | rounded voiceless velar plosive | kʷ |
D | t̕ | ejective alveolar plosive | t’ |
E | ə | mid central/back unrounded vowel | ə (ɨ ʊ ʌ) |
H | h | voiceless glottal fricative | h |
I | i | high front tense unrounded vowel | i |
Í | ay / əy | diphthong: low/mid central vowel with palatal off-glide | aj / əj |
J | č̕ | ejective palato-alveolar affricate | ʧ̕ |
K | q̕ | ejective uvular plosive | q̕ |
₭ | q̕ʷ | rounded ejective uvular plosive | qʷ̕ |
Ḵ | q | voiceless uvular plosive | q |
Ḱ | qʷ | rounded voiceless uvular plosive | qʷ |
L | l | voiced alveolar lateral liquid | l |
L¸ | l̕ | laryngealized alveolar lateral liquid | l̕ |
Ƚ | ɬ | voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | ɬ |
M | m | voiced bilabial nasal stop | m |
M¸ | m̕ | laryngealized bilabial nasal stop | m̰ |
N | n | voiced alveolar nasal stop | n |
N¸ | n̕ | laryngealized alveolar nasal stop | n̰ |
Ṉ | ŋ | voiced velar/uvular nasal stop | ŋ / n |
Ṉ¸ | ŋ̕ | laryngealized velar/uvular nasal stop | ŋ̰ / n̰ |
O | a | low central/back (rounded) vowel | a / ɑ / ɒ |
P | p | voiceless bilabial plosive | p |
Q | k̕ʷ | rounded ejective velar plosive | kʷ̕ |
S | s | voiceless alveolar fricative | s |
Ś | š | voiceless palato-alveolar fricative | ʃ |
T | t | voiceless alveolar plosive | t |
Ⱦ | t̕ᶿ | ejective dental affricate | tθ̕ |
Ŧ | θ | voiceless dental fricative | θ / s̪ |
Ṯ | ƛ̕ | ejective lateral affricate | tɬ’ |
U | u | high back rounded tense vowel | u |
U¸ | w̕ | laryngealized labiovelar approximant | w̰ |
W | w | voiced labiovelar approximant | w |
X | x̣ | voiceless uvular fricative | χ |
X̱ | y | rounded voiceless uvular fricative | χʷ |
Y | y̕ | voiced palatal approximant | j |
Y¸ | y̕ | laryngealized palatal approximant | j ̰ |
1. In the alphabetization of SENĆOŦEN, glottal stop and laryngealization of sonorants are traditionally ignored.
2. Note that [ʧ] (/č/ 〈Ć〉) is not equivalent to [tʃ] (/tš/ 〈TŚ〉) in SENĆOŦEN.
3. There are some idiosyncrasies in the SENĆOŦEN writing system that have become conventionally accepted. For example, /ʔə́y̕ / ‘good’ is spelled ÍY¸, /sčéenəxʷ/ ‘salmon’ is often spelled SĆÁNEW̱ or SĆȺNEW̱. Other long vowels are treated similarly.