11.1. ‘And’ and ‘with’
Models
| 1) | YÁ¸ [ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸]. | ‘[The man and the woman] left.’ |
| 2) | QENNEW̱ SEN [ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸]. | ‘I saw [the man and the woman].’ |
| 3) | YÁ¸ SEN I¸ TŦE NE MÁN. | ‘I went with my father.’ |
| 4) | YÁ¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE NE MÁN. | ‘I went with my father.’ |
| 5) | EMET SW̱ I¸ ḴÁȻEṈ. | ‘Sit down and rest.’ |
| 6) | EN¸Á SEN I¸ YÁ¸. | ‘I come and go.’ |
| 7) | EN¸Á SEN I¸ YÁ¸ SEN. | ‘I come and I go.’ |
| 8) | ȽENEQT SEN TŦE SMÍEŦ I¸ ₭Í. | ‘I shot the deer and it died.’ |
‣ 1 The models 1 and 2 show the I¸ conjoining two noun phrases: ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ ‘the man’ and ȻSE SȽÁNI¸ ‘the woman.’ When two noun phrases are conjoined with I¸, it makes a larger, compound noun phrase. These compound noun phrases are set off with brackets in the models.
‣ 2 In the first model, the compound noun phrase ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸ is the subject of the sentence. In the second model, ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸ is the direct object.
‣ 3 English uses ‘with’ in a number of ways. One English dictionary gives over 30 meanings for ‘with.’ For example, in English ‘I fought with him’ could mean ‘I fought against him’ (he is my enemy) or ‘I fought using him’ (maybe he is an attack SḴAXE¸) or ‘I fought alongside him’ (he is accompanying me). Only the ‘accompanying’ meaning is translated with I¸ in SENĆOŦEN.
‣ 4 The models 3 and 4 have I¸ translated as ‘with.’ They could just as well have been translated ‘I and my father went.’ You can see here the close relationship between the ideas of ‘and’ and ‘with.’
‣ 5 Models 3 and 4 also show another interesting feature of SENĆOŦEN. When I¸ is followed by a noun phrase in an intransitive sentence, that noun phrase is conjoined as part of the subject. For example,
YÁ¸ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN ‘He/she went with my father.’
YÁ¸ SW̱ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN. ‘You went with my father.’
So, when we say YÁ¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE NE MÁN, as in the fourth model, TŦE NE MÁN is part of the subject. So, it does not mean ‘We went with my father’ even though it has the ‘we’ subject. It means ‘I went with my father’ or ‘My father and I went.’ The models 3 and 4 have the same meaning.
‣ 6 When the I¸ is followed by a noun phrase in a transitive sentence, that noun phrase is conjoined as part of the direct object. The following examples have ‑OṈES ‘me’ and ‑OL¸W̱ ‘us’ suffixes on the transitive verb. These object suffixes will be covered in detail in §32. The stress falls on the O of the object suffix.
QENNOṈES SW̱. ‘You saw me.’
QENNOL¸W̱ SW̱. ‘You saw us.’
QENNOṈES SW̱ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN. ‘You saw me and my father.’
QENNOL¸W̱ SW̱ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN. ‘You saw me and my father.’
‣ 7 In each of the models 5, 6, 7, and 8, we have two conjoined sentences. When the first verb is intransitive and the subject of the two conjoined sentences is the same, you can drop the subject of the second, just as in English. This is shown in the models 5 and 6.
‣ 8 Model 8 illustrates a grammatical pattern that is quite different from English. In English, a direct translation of the last model would be ‘I shot the deer and died.’ Here, unlike the preceding three models, the first verb is transitive. In English, when the second verb has no subject, it defaults to the subject of the first verb in a conjoined sentence whether the first verb is transitive or intransitive. In SENĆOŦEN, the subject of the second verb defaults to the object of the first verb if that verb is transitive. This is another way in which the SENĆOŦEN direct object and intransitive subject have similar grammar.
‣ 9 In this set of models and in all of the following models, new words will appear for the first time with the stressed vowel underlined.
 | ÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES. | ‘I’m very tired.’ |
 | EMET SW̱ I¸ ḴEȻEṈ. | ‘Sit down and rest.’ |
| JÁN¸ U¸ ṈEN¸ TŦE NE SĆȺ. | ‘I have too much work.’ |
| X̱EṈ SW̱ I¸ EMET. | ‘You can sit down.’ |
11.1A. Which of these sentences is ungrammatical? If it is ungrammatical, explain why it is. If it is grammatical, translate the sentence. If you see a word you do not know, look it up in the SENĆOŦEN dictionary.
1. ŦIȽEṈ SEN I¸ IȽEN.
2. EN¸Á SEN I¸ YÁ¸ SW̱.
3. EN¸Á I¸ TŦE NE TÁN YÁ¸ SW̱.
4. EN¸Á I¸ TŦE NE TÁN I¸ YÁ¸.
5. EN¸Á I¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE NE TÁN I¸ YÁ¸.
6. EN¸Á E SW̱ I¸ YÁ¸?
7. YÁ¸ E SW̱ I¸ TŦE TÁNS?
8. YÁ¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE TÁNS.
9. X̱EṈ E SW̱ I¸ YÁ¸ I¸ TŦE EN¸ TÁN?
10. X̱EṈ SEN I¸ YÁ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.
11.2B. Make four new SENĆOŦEN sentences using the conjunction.