SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

11.1. ‘And’ and ‘with’

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Models
1)YÁ¸ [ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸].‘[The man and the woman] left.’
2)QENNEW̱ SEN [ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸].‘I saw [the man and the woman].’
3)YÁ¸ SEN I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.‘I went with my father.’
4)YÁ¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.‘I went with my father.’
5)EMET SW̱ I¸ ḴÁȻEṈ.‘Sit down and rest.’
6)EN¸Á SEN I¸ YÁ¸.‘I come and go.’
7)EN¸Á SEN I¸ YÁ¸ SEN.‘I come and I go.’
8)ȽENEQT SEN TŦE SMÍEŦ I¸ ₭Í.‘I shot the deer and it died.’

‣ 1 The models 1 and 2 show the I¸ conjoining two noun phrases: ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ ‘the man’ and ȻSE SȽÁNI¸ ‘the woman.’ When two noun phrases are conjoined with I¸, it makes a larger, compound noun phrase. These compound noun phrases are set off with brackets in the models.
‣ 2 In the first model, the compound noun phrase ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸ is the subject of the sentence. In the second model, ȻSE SW͸ḴE¸ I¸ ȻSE SȽÁNI¸ is the direct object.
­‣ 3 English uses ‘with’ in a number of ways. One English dictionary gives over 30 meanings for ‘with.’ For example, in English ‘I fought with him’ could mean ‘I fought against him’ (he is my enemy) or ‘I fought using him’ (maybe he is an attack SḴAXE¸) or ‘I fought alongside him’ (he is accompanying me). Only the ‘accompanying’ meaning is translated with I¸ in SENĆOŦEN.
­‣ 4 The models 3 and 4 have I¸ translated as ‘with.’ They could just as well have been translated ‘I and my father went.’ You can see here the close relationship between the ideas of ‘and’ and ‘with.’
­‣ 5 Models 3 and 4 also show another interesting feature of SENĆOŦEN. When I¸ is followed by a noun phrase in an intransitive sentence, that noun phrase is conjoined as part of the subject. For example,
          YÁ¸ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN               ‘He/she went with my father.’
          YÁ¸ SW̱ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.        ‘You went with my father.’
So, when we say YÁ¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE NE MÁN, as in the fourth model, TŦE NE MÁN is part of the subject. So, it does not mean ‘We went with my father’ even though it has the ‘we’ subject. It means ‘I went with my father’ or ‘My father and I went.’ The models 3 and 4 have the same meaning.
­‣ 6 When the I¸ is followed by a noun phrase in a transitive sentence, that noun phrase is conjoined as part of the direct object. The following examples have ‑OṈES ‘me’ and ­‑OL¸W̱ ‘us’ suffixes on the transitive verb. These object suffixes will be covered in detail in §32. The stress falls on the O of the object suffix.
                             QENNOṈES SW̱.                                  ‘You saw me.’
                             QENNOL¸W̱ SW̱.                                  ‘You saw us.’
                             QENNOṈES SW̱ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.         ‘You saw me and my father.’
                             QENNOL¸W̱ SW̱ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.         ‘You saw me and my father.’
‣ 7 In each of the models 5, 6, 7, and 8, we have two conjoined sentences. When the first verb is intransitive and the subject of the two conjoined sentences is the same, you can drop the subject of the second, just as in English. This is shown in the models 5 and 6.
‣ 8 Model 8 illustrates a grammatical pattern that is quite different from English. In English, a direct translation of the last model would be ‘I shot the deer and died.’ Here, unlike the preceding three models, the first verb is transitive. In English, when the second verb has no subject, it defaults to the subject of the first verb in a conjoined sentence whether the first verb is transitive or intransitive. In SENĆOŦEN, the subject of the second verb defaults to the object of the first verb if that verb is transitive. This is another way in which the SENĆOŦEN direct object and intransitive subject have similar grammar.
‣ 9 In this set of models and in all of the following models, new words will appear for the first time with the stressed vowel underlined.
 
ÁN¸ SEN U¸ ȽĆIȻES.‘I’m very tired.’
EMET SW̱ I¸ ḴEȻEṈ.‘Sit down and rest.’
JÁN¸ U¸ ṈEN¸ TŦE NE SĆȺ.‘I have too much work.’
X̱EṈ SW̱ I¸ EMET.‘You can sit down.’

11.1A. Which of these sentences is ungrammatical? If it is ungrammatical, explain why it is. If it is grammatical, translate the sentence. If you see a word you do not know, look it up in the SENĆOŦEN dictionary.
1. ŦIȽEṈ SEN I¸ IȽEN.
2. EN¸Á SEN I¸ YÁ¸ SW̱.        
3. EN¸Á I¸ TŦE NE TÁN YÁ¸ SW̱.
4. EN¸Á I¸ TŦE NE TÁN I¸ YÁ¸.
5. EN¸Á I¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE NE TÁN I¸ YÁ¸.
6.  EN¸Á E SW̱ I¸ YÁ¸?          
7.  YÁ¸ E SW̱ I¸ TŦE TÁNS?
8.  YÁ¸ ȽTE I¸ TŦE TÁNS.
9.  X̱EṈ E SW̱ I¸ YÁ¸ I¸ TŦE EN¸ TÁN?
10.  X̱EṈ SEN I¸ YÁ I¸ TŦE NE MÁN.
11.2B. Make four new SENĆOŦEN sentences using the conjunction.
 

This page has paths:

  1. 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 20.1. Equative constructions Montler, et al.
  2. 20.3. Comparative constructions: The Focus Comparative Montler, et al.
  3. 16.2. ‘Do what with?’ Montler, et al.
  4. 30.2. Coordinate conditional Montler, et al.
  5. 29.2. Coordinate adverbial expressions Montler, et al.
  6. 61.1. ‘Please’ Montler, et al.
  7. 19.1. ‘Every,’ ‘all,’ and ‘any’ Montler, et al.
  8. 21.2. Asking about time: Conjoined event Montler, et al.
  9. 37.1. Lexical suffixes as possessed objects Montler, et al.
  10. 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 32 Object Pronouns