SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

42 The Actual Aspect

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In English we indicate a continuing action by using a form of the word ‘be’ with a main verb ending in ‘‑ing.’ For example, ‘I am eating.’ As a verb form, it can be called ‘continuative’ (because the action is continuing). In SENĆOŦEN and some other Salishan languages this form can occur with nouns and adjectives as well as with verbs, so it is usually called the actual because it indicates that the situation is or was actually occurring.

The actual is very common in SENĆOŦEN and is marked in a number of different ways. It accounts for quite a bit of the variation you see in the form of roots. Though there are many ways of forming the actual, three methods are common and important to understand.

The first method of forming the actual is an infix (a glottal stop is inserted into the word), the second is reduplication (the first consonant of the root is copied), and the third is metathesis (a consonant and vowel switch places).

It is important to remember that there are a number of other ways of forming the actual. The three described here are simply the most common.

This is the first of four chapters (§42, §43, §44, §45) that discuss some ways that aspect is expressed in SENĆOŦEN. Aspect is the term for a grammatical pattern that expresses how an event is viewed with respect to time: continuing, completed, static, and so on.
 

This page has paths:

  1. PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 42.1. The ‘actual’ glottal stop infix
  2. 42.2. The ‘actual’ reduplication
  3. 42.3. Actual aspect metathesis

This page has tags:

  1. 55 Nominalizing Prefixes Montler, et al.
  2. 41.4. Irregular plurals and ṈEN¸ Montler, et al.
  3. 56.1. TU¸- ‘kind of,’ I¸- ‘process,’ U¸- ‘contrast’ Montler, et al.
  4. Notes on Pronunciation Montler, et al.
  5. 13.3. Reciprocal: Each other (noncontrol): NEȻEL or NEU¸EL¸ Montler, et al.
  6. 24 Time Prefixes Montler, et al.
  7. 42 The Actual Aspect Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 43 State, Result, and Duration
  2. 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle
  3. 42 The Actual Aspect