50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ
Models
| 1) | NE SṮI¸ ȻSE S¸IȽEN. | ‘I like the food.’ |
| 2) | NE SṮI¸ ȻS S¸IȽEN. | ‘I like food.’ |
| 3) | NE SṮI¸ Ȼ NE S¸IȽEN. | ‘I like to eat.’ |
| 4) | NE SṮI¸ ȻE IȽENEN. | ‘I like it when I eat.’ |
| 5) | NE SṮI¸ ȻE¸ ȻSE S¸IȽEN. | ‘I like the food.’ |
‣ 1 This short chapter does not present any new information about SENĆOŦEN. Each of the particles highlighted in the models has been covered earlier. These particles are similar and can easily be confused. This chapter simply presents them together to show how they differ.
‣ 2 Model 1 has the particular, nonvisible article ȻSE. This is particle is described in §4.3. This is an article that is always at the start of a noun phrase and marks the noun as a particular thing that cannot be seen at the moment of speaking. The S in this article is often dropped, so that it is pronounce ȻE, which looks even more like the other particles highlighted here.
‣ 3 The ȻS particle, which is introduced in §4.4, is shown in model 2. It is the most similar in meaning and function to the ȻSE of model 1. Both are articles and come at the beginning of a noun phrase. The difference is the ȻS, lacking the E, marks a nonparticular noun.
‣ 4 The Ȼ particle in model 3 has been mentioned in many places already in this grammar. This is the marker of the Ȼ clause, which is summarized in detail in §46. Note that there is not S and no E with this particle. The word following the Ȼ clause is always verb-like and never a simple noun. Compare the Ȼ clause in model 3 to the articles in models 1 and 2.
‣ 5 The ȻE particle in model 4 always introduces a subordinate clause that takes the subordinate subject suffixes. Its main use is in the subordinate conditional construction discussed in §30.1. The particle ȻE can usually be translated as ‘if’ or ‘when.’ Unlike the particles in models 1, 2, and 3, it is never followed by a noun or by any word with the possessive markers on it.
‣ 6 The ȻSE, ȻS, Ȼ, and ȻE particles in the first four models all precede the word they lean on for their function. The particle ȻE¸ highlighted in model 5 follows the word it leans on. The particle highlighted in model 5 is the ‘inform new’ particle described in §48.3. This particle is part of the verb phrase and never part of a noun phrase. This one is the most different in function of all of the particles with Ȼ.
‣ 7 The five particles highlighted here are superficially similar, but they all have very different functions that are important in the grammar of SENĆOŦEN.
 | EN¸ SṮI¸ E ȻSE S¸IȽEN? | ‘Do you like the food?’ |
 | NE SṮI¸ ȻE¸ ȻS U¸ MEQ S¸IȽEN. | ‘I like all food.’ |
| U¸ YOŦ E SW̱ U¸ EN¸ SṮI¸ Ȼ EN¸ S¸IȽEN. | ‘Do you always like to eat?’ |
| IYES SEN ȻE I¸ȽEN¸EN. | ‘I’m happy when I’m eating.’ |
| 50A. Identify each particle with Ȼ in the ḰEL¸NEȻEL here and state which one it is. 50B. Write an explanation of the differences among these five highlighted particles in your own words as if you are trying to explain it some someone else. |