63 A Fully Annotated Text
Over 250 texts have been recorded from elders who spoke SENĆOŦEN as their first language. These texts include traditional stories, history, legends, personal anecdotes, and songs. Other than speaking and using the language regularly, there is no better way to reach an advanced level of proficiency than to work through the texts of native speakers. By working through a text you get to see how all of the pieces of the grammar fit together. This section illustrates the basics of annotating a text. A fully annotated text consists of an interlinear translation with a free translation and commentary about the context of the original telling and any other information relevant to understanding the story. An interlinear translation is simply the story with the translation and, sometimes, analysis of each word aligned under it. The analysis of a word shows its prefixes, suffixes, and everything else about it.
This story is a typical Raven story. In the traditional stories, Raven, before he was turned into a bird by XÁ¸EL¸S, was a liar and a glutton who would steal food and even hide food from his own children. But he always got caught. Raven stories are always funny, but they all have a moral lesson.
Several versions of this story have been recorded. This version was told by Earl Claxton, Sr. August 7, 1985 at his home at SȾÁ¸EU¸TW̱. His cousin, Manson Pelkey, also a native SENĆOŦEN speaker, was present, laughing, and encouraging Earl to tell more stories. A recording of this story is available so you to listen along as you read.
The text here has four interlinear lines plus a free translation for every sentence. The first line is the SENĆOŦEN. The second line is the basic translation of the SENĆOŦEN word. The third line shows all of the components of the word laid out phonetically for clarity. The fourth line shows the meaning of each element analyzed in the third line. This annotation follows the conventions and abbreviations of the SENĆOŦEN dictionary (pp. xix). The symbol √ is put at the beginning of a root. A hyphen (‑) follows a prefix and precedes a suffix. A plus (+) marks a reduplication pattern. And the angle brackets (< and >) surround an infix. Articles, conjunctions, prepositions, and speech act modifiers have no special marking. A list of abbreviations follows the annotated text.
Raven and the Berries
Here is the text:
NIȽ WE¸OĆE U¸ SW̱ENIṈ LE¸ TŦE U¸ ȻȽHIŦ W̱ILṈEW̱. Ȼ SHO¸S TÁĆEL ¸E TŦE ĆEN¸QÁ¸LES I¸ NIȽ SU¸ KELO¸EṈS. U¸ MEQSTÁṈ TŦE S₭ELÁLEṈEW̱ , TŦE S¸OX̱E¸ , TŦE U¸ MEQSTÁṈ. SU¸ XENEṈS TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE , "ÍY¸ Ȼ SYÁ¸ ȽTE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." SU¸ HEḴOOȽS. I¸ YOŦ LE¸U¸ I¸ LÁ¸E TŦE SPOOL¸ , SQTO¸. I¸ HI¸U¸ JE ȻEĆÁ TŦE SQTO¸ Ȼ SȻȽYÁ¸S IST TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸. SU¸ YÁ¸S IST. SU¸ TESS YÁ¸ ¸E TŦE ṮEṮÁĆES. SU¸ XENEṈS "NIȽ ȻE¸E TI¸E ÍY¸ ŚW̱¸ÁȽE ȽTE TW̱₭ELÁLṈEW̱EȽTE. SU¸ TES ¸E TŦE ÍY¸ ȾXIT. SU¸ ȽÁÁLS. SU¸ YÁ¸ LE¸ ŦOṈ. HÍ JE ȻEĆÁ TŦE SQTO¸U¸ EWE OL¸ Ȼ SȽEMEȾEṈS ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. U¸ I¸ȽEN¸ OL¸. U¸ EWE Ȼ SI¸ HÍ TŦE U¸ S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. HÍ U¸ I¸NU¸Á¸ES ¸E TŦE SPĆO¸ , MO͸. NIȽ JE ȻEĆÁ SU¸ ȻȽLIIȾS LE¸ TŦE SPĆO¸ SU¸... MO͸ SU¸ SX̱ENIṈS OL¸ ȻE EN¸ SNÁT WE¸OĆE. SU¸ XENEṈS , "ÍY¸ KE Ȼ SŦȽO ȽTE." SU¸ YÁ¸S. SU¸ SEX̱S SÁW. SU¸ XENEṈS TŦE NO¸ȾE¸ , "TW̱ENAḴSEN ȻE¸ KE ȻSE SNEW̱EȽ." SU¸ XENEṈS W̱TÁLḴEN TŦE NO¸ȾE¸. SU¸ XENEṈS "U¸ ÍY¸ WE¸OĆE Ȼ SU¸ ÁȽETW̱ ȽTE TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. I¸ U¸ NIȽ SE¸ TŦE SQTO¸ U¸ QEN¸T TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ YÁ¸ ȽTE ĆEL¸EḴSEN. YÁ¸ ṮO¸OST ȻSE KX̱EU¸Ƚ." SU¸ YÁLE¸S TŦE ṮO¸OS. ĆÁȽ JE ȻE¸ OL¸ SKEX I¸ ȻȽ X̱ENEȻÁN¸ TŦE SQTO , "ÍY¸ KE Ȼ NE SIȽEN ¸E TI¸E S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." SU¸ IȽENS. SU¸ OU¸QS. EU¸QNOW̱S TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. TEW̱ OL¸ U¸ EU¸QNOW̱S I¸ KIL¸ EN¸Á IST TŦE YÁ¸LE¸ ṮO¸OS. SU¸ XĆETS TŦU¸NIȽ "INET SEN SE¸ ȻEĆÁ?" SJÁN¸ JE U¸ ȻȽ XEȽ ŚḰÁLEȻENS. EWENE SXĆITS ȻE ENÁTTW̱ES ¸E TŦE ĆȻÁ¸ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ W̱QENȻILETSS TŦE MO͸ I¸ U¸ TUWE LÁ¸E JE TŦE ḰO¸ TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ X̱ENEȻÁN¸S "ÍY¸ Ȼ NE SȻEL¸I¸ḰEṈ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸... NE SU¸ YEŦOST TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸ NE S₭OY₭I TŦU¸NIȽ ḴENITEṈ ȻE¸ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." SU¸ ȽÁÁLS TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸ I¸ JÁN¸ JE U¸ ŦEŦÁU¸T TŦU¸NIȽ SQTO¸. EN¸XSET. W̱ENIṈ ȻE SJÁN¸ES U¸ XEȽ. ₭ÍNEṈ. I¸U¸ EWE OL¸ TŦU¸NIȽ U¸ NIȽ ȻE¸ OL¸ ḴÁN¸ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ ŚEḴS ȻSÁ¸E.
This story is a typical Raven story. In the traditional stories, Raven, before he was turned into a bird by XÁ¸EL¸S, was a liar and a glutton who would steal food and even hide food from his own children. But he always got caught. Raven stories are always funny, but they all have a moral lesson.
Several versions of this story have been recorded. This version was told by Earl Claxton, Sr. August 7, 1985 at his home at SȾÁ¸EU¸TW̱. His cousin, Manson Pelkey, also a native SENĆOŦEN speaker, was present, laughing, and encouraging Earl to tell more stories. A recording of this story is available so you to listen along as you read.
The text here has four interlinear lines plus a free translation for every sentence. The first line is the SENĆOŦEN. The second line is the basic translation of the SENĆOŦEN word. The third line shows all of the components of the word laid out phonetically for clarity. The fourth line shows the meaning of each element analyzed in the third line. This annotation follows the conventions and abbreviations of the SENĆOŦEN dictionary (pp. xix). The symbol √ is put at the beginning of a root. A hyphen (‑) follows a prefix and precedes a suffix. A plus (+) marks a reduplication pattern. And the angle brackets (< and >) surround an infix. Articles, conjunctions, prepositions, and speech act modifiers have no special marking. A list of abbreviations follows the annotated text.
Raven and the Berries
Here is the text:
NIȽ WE¸OĆE U¸ SW̱ENIṈ LE¸ TŦE U¸ ȻȽHIŦ W̱ILṈEW̱. Ȼ SHO¸S TÁĆEL ¸E TŦE ĆEN¸QÁ¸LES I¸ NIȽ SU¸ KELO¸EṈS. U¸ MEQSTÁṈ TŦE S₭ELÁLEṈEW̱ , TŦE S¸OX̱E¸ , TŦE U¸ MEQSTÁṈ. SU¸ XENEṈS TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE , "ÍY¸ Ȼ SYÁ¸ ȽTE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." SU¸ HEḴOOȽS. I¸ YOŦ LE¸U¸ I¸ LÁ¸E TŦE SPOOL¸ , SQTO¸. I¸ HI¸U¸ JE ȻEĆÁ TŦE SQTO¸ Ȼ SȻȽYÁ¸S IST TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸. SU¸ YÁ¸S IST. SU¸ TESS YÁ¸ ¸E TŦE ṮEṮÁĆES. SU¸ XENEṈS "NIȽ ȻE¸E TI¸E ÍY¸ ŚW̱¸ÁȽE ȽTE TW̱₭ELÁLṈEW̱EȽTE. SU¸ TES ¸E TŦE ÍY¸ ȾXIT. SU¸ ȽÁÁLS. SU¸ YÁ¸ LE¸ ŦOṈ. HÍ JE ȻEĆÁ TŦE SQTO¸U¸ EWE OL¸ Ȼ SȽEMEȾEṈS ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. U¸ I¸ȽEN¸ OL¸. U¸ EWE Ȼ SI¸ HÍ TŦE U¸ S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. HÍ U¸ I¸NU¸Á¸ES ¸E TŦE SPĆO¸ , MO͸. NIȽ JE ȻEĆÁ SU¸ ȻȽLIIȾS LE¸ TŦE SPĆO¸ SU¸... MO͸ SU¸ SX̱ENIṈS OL¸ ȻE EN¸ SNÁT WE¸OĆE. SU¸ XENEṈS , "ÍY¸ KE Ȼ SŦȽO ȽTE." SU¸ YÁ¸S. SU¸ SEX̱S SÁW. SU¸ XENEṈS TŦE NO¸ȾE¸ , "TW̱ENAḴSEN ȻE¸ KE ȻSE SNEW̱EȽ." SU¸ XENEṈS W̱TÁLḴEN TŦE NO¸ȾE¸. SU¸ XENEṈS "U¸ ÍY¸ WE¸OĆE Ȼ SU¸ ÁȽETW̱ ȽTE TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. I¸ U¸ NIȽ SE¸ TŦE SQTO¸ U¸ QEN¸T TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ YÁ¸ ȽTE ĆEL¸EḴSEN. YÁ¸ ṮO¸OST ȻSE KX̱EU¸Ƚ." SU¸ YÁLE¸S TŦE ṮO¸OS. ĆÁȽ JE ȻE¸ OL¸ SKEX I¸ ȻȽ X̱ENEȻÁN¸ TŦE SQTO , "ÍY¸ KE Ȼ NE SIȽEN ¸E TI¸E S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." SU¸ IȽENS. SU¸ OU¸QS. EU¸QNOW̱S TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. TEW̱ OL¸ U¸ EU¸QNOW̱S I¸ KIL¸ EN¸Á IST TŦE YÁ¸LE¸ ṮO¸OS. SU¸ XĆETS TŦU¸NIȽ "INET SEN SE¸ ȻEĆÁ?" SJÁN¸ JE U¸ ȻȽ XEȽ ŚḰÁLEȻENS. EWENE SXĆITS ȻE ENÁTTW̱ES ¸E TŦE ĆȻÁ¸ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ W̱QENȻILETSS TŦE MO͸ I¸ U¸ TUWE LÁ¸E JE TŦE ḰO¸ TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ X̱ENEȻÁN¸S "ÍY¸ Ȼ NE SȻEL¸I¸ḰEṈ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸... NE SU¸ YEŦOST TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸ NE S₭OY₭I TŦU¸NIȽ ḴENITEṈ ȻE¸ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." SU¸ ȽÁÁLS TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸ I¸ JÁN¸ JE U¸ ŦEŦÁU¸T TŦU¸NIȽ SQTO¸. EN¸XSET. W̱ENIṈ ȻE SJÁN¸ES U¸ XEȽ. ₭ÍNEṈ. I¸U¸ EWE OL¸ TŦU¸NIȽ U¸ NIȽ ȻE¸ OL¸ ḴÁN¸ ¸E TŦE S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. SU¸ ŚEḴS ȻSÁ¸E.
You can listen and read along here.
Following is the text fully annotated:
| 1) | NIȽ | WE¸OĆE | U¸ | SW̱ENIṈ | LE¸ | TŦE | U¸ |
| it_is | presume | uconn | way | past | art | contr | |
| √niɬ | wəʔačə | ʔəw̕ | s-√xʷən-i-əŋ | ləʔ | tθə | ʔəw̕- | |
| √3focus | presume | u_conn | s-√way-persis-mdl | past | art | contr- |
| ȻȽHIŦ | W̱ILṈEW̱. | |
| long_ago | indigenous | |
| kʷɬ-√hiθ | √xʷil=ŋixʷ | |
| alrdy-√long_time | √?=being |
That's how it was with the Indians a long time ago.
| 2) | Ȼ | SHO¸s | TÁĆEL | ¸E | TŦE |
| sub | if/when | arrive_here | prep | art | |
| kʷə | s-√haʔ-s | √teč-əl | ʔə | tθə | |
| sub | s-√if/when-3pos | √arrive-dev | prep | art |
| ĆEN¸QÁ¸LES | I¸ | NIȽ | SU¸ | KELO¸EṈS. | ||
| summer | and | it_is | so | preserve | ||
| čən̕-√k̕ʷel̕əs | ʔiʔ | √niɬ | s-w̕- | √q̕ilaʔ-əŋ-s | ||
| time-√warm | and | √3focus | s-contrast- | √preserve-mdl-3pos |
When summer would come, they'd store food away.
| 3) | U¸ | MEQ | STÁṈ | TŦE | S₭ELÁLEṈEW̱¸ | TŦE | S¸OX̱E¸, |
| contr | every | thing | art | blackberry | art | butter_clam | |
| ʔəw̕- | √mək̕ʷ | s-√teŋ | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəleləŋəxʷ | tθə | s-√ʔax̣ʷəʔ | |
| contr- | √all | s-√what | art | s-√blackberry | art | s-√clam |
All kinds of things, blackberries, clams,
| 4) | TŦE | U¸ | MEQS | TÁṈ. |
| art | contr | every | thing | |
| tθə | ʔəw̕- | √mək̕ʷ | s-√teŋ | |
| art | contr- | √all | s-√what |
Everything.
| 5) | SU¸ | XENEṈS | TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸, | "ÍY¸ |
| so | say | them | good | |
| s-w̕- | √x̣ən-əŋ-s | tθəw̕-nə+√ni<ʔ>ɬ-yəʔ | √ʔəy̕ | |
| s-contrast- | √say-mdl-3pos | spec-pl+√3focus<pl>-pl | √good |
| Ȼ | SYÁ¸ | ȽTE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." | |
| sub | go | our | blackberry | |
| kʷ | s-√yeʔ | -ɬtə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| sub | s-√go | -1plpos | s-√blackberry |
So they said, "We should go for blackberries."
| 6) | SU¸ | HEḴOOȽS. |
| so | push_out_canoe | |
| s-w̕- | √hiq=aaɬ-s | |
| s-contrast- | √push_off=canoe-3pos |
So they pushed the canoe out.
| 7) | I¸ | YOŦ | LE¸ | U¸ | I¸LÁ¸E | TŦE | SPOOL¸ | SQTO¸. | |
| and | always | past | uconn | at_a_place | art | raven | raven | ||
| ʔiʔ | √yaθ | ləʔ | ʔəw̕ | ʔiʔ-√leʔə | tθə | s-√paal̕ | s-√k̕ʷtaʔ | ||
| and | √long_time | past | u_conn | proc-√there | art | s-√raven | s-√raven |
And Raven was always there.
| 8) | I¸ | HI¸U¸ | JE | ȻEĆÁ | TŦE | SQTO¸ | Ȼ |
| and | front | apparently | therefore | art | raven | sub | |
| ʔiʔ | √hiʔəw̕ | č̕ə | kʷəče | tθə | s-√k̕ʷtaʔ | kʷ | |
| and | √front | apparent | therefore | art | s-√raven | sub |
| SȻȽYÁ¸S | IST | TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸. | ||
| already_go | paddle | them | ||
| s-kʷɬ-√yeʔ-s | √ʔist | tθəw̕-nə+√ni<ʔ>ɬ-yəʔ | ||
| s-alrdy-√go-3pos | √paddle_canoe | spec-pl+√3focus<pl>-pl |
Raven was in the bow when they went paddling.
| 9) | SU¸ | YÁ¸S | IST. |
| so | go | paddle | |
| s-w̕- | √yeʔ-s | √ʔist | |
| s-contrast- | √go-3pos | √paddle_canoe |
So they went off paddling.
| 10) | SU¸ | TESS | YÁ¸ | ¸E | TŦE | ṮEṮÁĆES. |
| so | arrive_there | go | prep | art | island | |
| s-w̕- | √təs-s | √yeʔ | ʔə | tθə | ƛ̕ə+√ƛ̕ečəs | |
| s-contrast- | √arrive_there-3pos | √go | prep | art | dim+√island |
So they got to an island.
| 11) | SU¸ | XENEṈS, | "NIȽ | ȻE¸E | TI¸Á | ÍY¸ |
| so | say | it_is | expect | this | good | |
| s-w̕- | √x̣ən-əŋ-s | √niɬ | kʷəʔə | tíʔe | √ʔəy̕ | |
| s-contrast- | √say-mdl-3pos | √3focus | expect | this | √good |
| ŚW̱¸ÁȽE | ȽTE | TW̱₭ELÁLṈEW̱ | ȽTE. | |
| where_it_is | our | get_blackberries | our | |
| sxʷ-√ʔeɬə | -ɬtə | txʷ-√q̕ʷəlélŋəxʷ | -ɬtə | |
| for-√here | -1plpos | buy-√blackberries | -1plpos |
So they said, "This would be a good place to pick our berries."
| 12) | SU¸ | TESS | ¸E | TŦE | ÍY¸ | ȾXIT. |
| so | arrive_there | prep | art | good | pebble | |
| s-w̕- | √təs-s | ʔə | tθə | √ʔəy̕ | √t̕ᶿx̣it | |
| s-contrast- | √arrive_there-3pos | prep | art | √good | √gravel |
So they got to a good beach.
| 13) | SU¸ | ȽÁÁLS. |
| so | go_ashore | |
| s-w̕- | √ɬée-il-s | |
| s-contrast- | √go_ashore-dev-3pos |
So they went ashore.
| 14) | SU¸ | YÁ¸S | LE¸ | ŦOṈ. |
| so | go | past | go_inland | |
| s-w̕- | √yeʔ-s | ləʔ | √θaŋ | |
| s-contrast- | √go-3pos | past | √go_inland |
So they went up from the beach.
| 15) | HÍ | JE | ȻEĆÁ | TŦE | SQTO¸ | U¸ | EWE |
| alone | apparently | therefore | art | raven | uconn | not | |
| √hay | č̕ə | kʷəče | tθə | s-√k̕ʷtaʔ | ʔəw̕ | √ʔəwə | |
| √alone | apparent | therefore | art | s-√raven | uconn | √no |
| OL¸ | Ȼ | SȽEMEȾEṈS | ¸E | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | ||
| limit | sub | pick_berries | prep | art | blackberry | ||
| ʔal̕ | kʷə | s-√ɬəmət̕ᶿ-əŋ-s | ʔə | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | ||
| limit | sub | s-√harvest-mdl-3pos | prep | art | s-√blackberry |
Only Raven is not even bothering to pick the blackberries.
| 16) | U¸ | I¸ȽEN¸ | OL¸. |
| contr | eating | limit | |
| ʔəw̕- | √ʔi<ʔ>ɬən<ˀ> | ʔal̕ | |
| contr- | √eat<actl> | limit |
He's just eating them.
| 17) | U¸ | EWE | Ȼ | SI¸HÍ | TŦE | U¸ | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. |
| contr | not | sub | only | art | contr | blackberry | |
| ʔəw̕- | √ʔəwə | kʷ | s-ʔiʔ-√hay | tθə | ʔəw̕- | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| contr- | √no | sub | s-proc-√alone | art | contr- | s-√blackberry |
And he didn't do anything else with the blackberries.
| 18) | HÍ | U¸ | I¸NU¸Á¸ES | ¸E | TŦE | |
| only | uconn | procputting_in | prep | art | ||
| √hay | ʔəw̕ | yʔ-√nəw̕-e<ʔə>s | ʔə | tθə | ||
| √alone | u_conn | proc-√in-ptcaus<actl> | prep | art |
| SPĆO¸, | MO͸. | |
| watertight_basket | basket | |
| s-√pčaʔ | √maay̕ | |
| s-√basket | √basket |
Only the others were putting them in the basket.
| 19) | NIȽ | JE | ȻEĆÁ | SU¸ | ȻȽLIIȾS |
| it_is | apparently | therefore | so | already_filled | |
| √niɬ | č̕ə | kʷəče | s-w̕- | kʷɬ-√liit̕ᶿ-s | |
| √3focus | apparent | therefore | s-contrast- | alrdy-√fill<res>-3pos |
| LE¸ | TŦE | SPĆO¸ | SU¸... | MO͸ | |
| past | art | watertight_basket | so | basket | |
| ləʔ | tθə | s-√pčaʔ | s-w̕- | √maay̕ | |
| past | art | s-√basket | s-contrast- | √basket |
| SU¸ | SX̱ENIṈS | OL¸ | Ȼ | EN¸ | |
| so | way | limit | sub | your | |
| s-w̕- | s-√x̣ʷən-i-əŋ-s | ʔal̕ | kʷ | ʔən̕- | |
| s-contrast- | s-√way-persis-mdl-3pos | limit | sub | 2pos- |
| SNÁT | WE¸OĆE. | |
| name_it | presume | |
| s-√ne-ət | wəʔačə | |
| s-√name-trns | presume |
Then the water-tight basket or basket or whatever you call it got filled up.
| 20) | SU¸ | XENEṈS, | "ÍY¸ | KE | Ȼ |
| so | say | good | surprise | sub | |
| s-w̕- | √x̣ən-əŋ-s | √ʔəy̕ | q̕ə | kʷ | |
| s-contrast- | √say-mdl-3pos | √good | surprise | sub |
| SŦȽO | ȽTE." | |
| go_to_beach | our | |
| s-√θɬa | -ɬtə | |
| √s-go_down | -1plpos |
So they said, "We better go down."
| 21) | SU¸ | YÁ¸S. |
| so | go | |
| s-w̕- | √yeʔ-s | |
| s-contrast- | √go-3pos |
So they went.
| 22) | SU¸ | SEX̱S | SÁU. |
| so | come_out_of_woods | on_beach | |
| s-w̕- | √səx̣ʷ-s | √sew̕ | |
| s-contrast- | √exit_bush-3pos | √beach |
So they got through the woods down to the beach.
| 23) | SU¸ | XENEṈS | TŦE | NO¸ȾE¸, |
| so | say | art | one_person | |
| s-w̕- | √x̣ən-əŋ-s | tθə | √nə<aʔ>t̕ᶿəʔ | |
| s-contrast- | √say-mdl-3pos | art | √one<person> |
| "TW̱ENAḴSEN | ȻE¸ | KE | ȻSE | SNEW̱EȽ." | |
| other_side_of_a_point | inform | surprise | the | canoe | |
| √txʷən=eqsən | kʷə¸ | q̕ə | kʷsə | s-√nəxʷəɬ | |
| √far_side=nose | inform | surprise | inv_sp | s-√canoe |
One person said, "The canoe must be on the other side of the point."
| 24) | SU¸ | XENEṈS | W̱TÁLḴEN | TŦE | NO¸ȾE¸. | |
| so | say | answer | art | one_person | ||
| s-w̕- | √x̣ən-əŋ-s | xʷ-√tel=qin | tθə | √nə<aʔ>t̕ᶿəʔ | ||
| s-contrast- | √say-mdl-3pos | loc-√respond=voice | art | √one<person> |
So another replied.
| 25) | SU¸ | XENEṈS, | "U¸ | ÍY¸ | WE¸OĆE | Ȼ |
| so | say | contr | good | guess | sub | |
| s-w̕- | √x̣ən-əŋ-s | ʔəw̕- | √ʔəy̕ | √wəʔačə | kʷ | |
| s-contrast- | √say-mdl-3pos | contr- | √good | √guess | sub |
| SU¸ | ÁȽETW̱ | ȽTE | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| so | leave_it_here | our | art | blackberry | |
| s-w̕- | √ʔeɬə-txʷ | -ɬtə | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| s-contrast- | √here-caus | -1plpos | art | s-√blackberry |
He said, "We'd better leave the blackberries here.
| 26) | I¸ | U¸ | NIȽ | SE¸ | TŦE | SQTO¸ | U¸ |
| and | contr | it_is | future | art | raven | contr | |
| ʔiʔ | ʔəw̕- | √niɬ | səʔ | tθə | s-√k̕ʷtaʔ | ʔəw̕- | |
| and | contr- | √3focus | future | art | s-√raven | contr- |
| QEN¸T | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| looking_at_it | art | blackberry | |
| √k̕ʷən<ˀ>-ət | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| √see<actl>-trns | art | s-√blackberry |
It'll be Raven who'll watch the blackberries.
| 27) | SU¸ | YÁ¸ | ȽTE | ĆEL¸EḴSEN. |
| so | go | our | go_around_point | |
| s-w̕- | √yeʔ | -ɬtə | √čəl̕=əqsən | |
| s-contrast- | √go | -1plpos | √turn=nose |
So we'll go around to the other side the point.
| 28) | YÁ¸ | ṮO¸OST | ȻSE | KX̱U¸Ƚ." |
| go | fetch_it | the | canoe | |
| √yeʔ | √ƛ̕aʔəs-ət | kʷsə | √q̕x̣ʷ=əw̕ɬ | |
| √go | √fetch-trns | inv_sp | √race=conveyance |
Go pick up the canoe."
| 29) | SU¸ | YÁLE¸S | TŦE | ṮO¸OS. |
| so | go_(pl) | art | fetch | |
| s-w̕- | √ye<lə>ʔ-s | tθə | √ƛ̕aʔəs | |
| s-contrast- | √go<pl>-3pos | art | √fetch |
So they went to bring it back.
| 30) | ĆÁȽ | JE | ȻE¸ | OL¸ | SKEX | I¸ |
| immed | apparently | inform | limit | out_in_the_water | and | |
| čeɬ | č̕ə | kʷə¸ | ʔal̕ | s-√q̕əx̣ | ʔiʔ | |
| immed | apparent | inform | limit | stat-√on_water | and |
| ȻȽ | X̱ENEȻÁN¸ | TŦE | SQTO¸, | "ÍY¸ | KE | |
| already | think | art | raven | good | surprise | |
| kʷɬ- | √xʷən=iwen | tθə | s-√k̕ʷtaʔ | √ʔəy̕ | q̕ə | |
| alrdy- | √say=interior | art | s-√raven | √good | surprise |
| Ȼ | NE | S¸IȽEN | ¸E | TI¸Á | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." | ||
| sub | my | eat | prep | this | blackberry | ||
| kʷ | nə- | s-√ʔiɬən | ʔə | tíʔe | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | ||
| sub | 1pos- | s-√eat | prep | this | s-√blackberry |
They had just got out on the water and Raven was already thinking, "I'd better eat these blackberries."
| 31) | SU¸ | IȽENS. |
| so | eat | |
| s-w̕- | √ʔiɬən-s | |
| s-contrast- | √eat-3pos |
So he ate and ate.
| 32) | SU¸ | OU¸QS. |
| so | all_gone | |
| s-w̕- | √ʔaw̕k̕ʷ-s | |
| s-contrast- | √depleted-3pos |
So it was all gone.
| 33) | U¸QNOS | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| he_finish_it | art | blackberry | ||
| √ʔaw̕k̕ʷ-naxʷ-əs | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | ||
| √depleted-nctrns-3subj | art | s-√blackberry |
He finished up the blackberries.
| 34) | TEW̱ | OL¸ | U¸ | U¸QNOS | I¸ |
| exactly | limit | uconn | finish_it | and | |
| √təxʷ | ʔal̕ | ʔəw̕ | √ʔaw̕k̕ʷ-naxʷ-əs | ʔiʔ | |
| √exactly | limit | u_conn | √depleted-nctrns-3subj | and |
| KIL¸ | EN¸Á | IST | TŦE | YÁ¸LE¸ | ṮO¸OS. | ||
| go_around_a_point | come | paddle | art | go_(pl) | fetch | ||
| √q̕il̕ | √ʔənʔe | √ʔist | tθə | √ye<lə>ʔ | √ƛ̕aʔəs | ||
| √go_around_a_point | √come | √paddle_canoe | art | √go<pl> | √fetch |
He just finished them when the ones who went to pick it up came paddling around the point.
| 35) | SU¸ | XĆETS | TŦU¸NIȽ, | "INET |
| so | figure_it_out | the_one | say_what | |
| s-w̕- | √x̣č-ət-s | tθəw̕-√niɬ | √ʔinət | |
| s-contrast- | √know-trns-3pos | the_one | √say_what |
| SEN | SE¸ | ȻEĆÁ?" | |
| I | future | therefore | |
| sən | səʔ | kʷəče | |
| 1subj | future | therefore |
He figured, "What am I going to say?"
| 36) | SJÁN¸ | JE | U¸ | ȻȽ | XEȽ | ŚḰÁLEȻENS. | |
| very | apparently | uconn | already | hurt | thought | ||
| s-√č̕en̕ | č̕ə | ʔəw̕ | kʷɬ- | √x̣əɬ | š-√qʷel=iwən-s | ||
| stat-√very | apparent | u_conn | alrdy- | √hurt | for-√talk=interior-3pos |
He felt real bad about it.
| 37) | EWENE | SXĆITS | ȻE |
| not_exist | know_it | if/when | |
| √ʔəwə√ni | s-√x̣č-i-ət-s | kʷə | |
| √not√exist | s-√figure_out-pers-trns-3pos | if/when |
| ENÁTTW̱ES | ¸E | TŦE | ĆȻÁ¸ | ¸E | TŦE | ||
| explain_to | prep | art | own | prep | art | ||
| √ʔinet-txʷ-əs | ʔə | tθə | č-√kʷeʔ | ʔə | tθə | ||
| √say_what-caus-3subsubj | prep | art | have-√possession | prep | art |
| S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| blackberry | |
| s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| s-√blackberry |
He didn't know how he was going to explain it to the ones who owned the balckberries.
| 38) | SU¸ | W̱QENȻILETSS | TŦE | MO͸ | I¸ |
| so | he_looks_inside | art | basket | and | |
| s-w̕- | xʷ-√k̕ʷən=kʷil-ət-s | tθə | √maay̕ | ʔiʔ | |
| s-contrast- | loc-√see=inside-trns-3pos | art | √basket | and |
| U¸ | TUWE | LÁ¸E | JE | TŦE | ḰO¸ | TŦE | |
| uconn | still | at_a_place | apparently | art | water | art | |
| ʔəw̕ | √təwə- | √leʔə | č̕ə | tθə | √qʷaʔ | tθə | |
| u_conn | still- | √there | apparent | art | √water | art |
| S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| sq̕ʷəlélŋəxʷ. | |
| blackberry | |
| s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| s-√blackberry |
So he looked inside the basket and the blackberry juice was still there.
| 39) | SU¸ | X̱ENEȻÁN¸S, | "ÍY¸ |
| so | think | good | |
| s-w̕- | √xʷən=iwen-s | √ʔəy̕ | |
| s-contrast- | √say=interior-3pos | √good |
| Ȼ | NE- | SȻEL¸I¸ḰEṈ | ¸E | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| sub | my | spill_on_head | prep | art | blackberry | |
| kʷ | nə- | s-√kʷəl̕=íʔqʷ-əŋ | ʔə | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| sub | 1pos- | s-√spill=head-mdl | prep | art | s-√blackberry |
So he thought, "I'd should pour the berries on my head."
| 40) | SU¸... | NE | SU¸ | YEŦOST |
| so | my | so | tell | |
| s-w̕- | nə- | s-w̕- | √yəθ-as-ət | |
| s-contrast- | 1pos- | s-contrast- | √tell-rcpnt-trns |
| TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸ | NE | S₭OY₭I | TŦU¸NIȽ¸ | |
| them | my | attacked | the_one | |
| tθəw̕-nə+√ni<ʔ>ɬ-yəʔ | nə- | s- q̕ʷáy+√q̕ʷay | tθəw̕-√niɬ | |
| spec-pl+√3focus<pl>-pl | 1pos- | s-char+√die | the_one |
Then I'll tell them I got attacked.
| 41) | ḴENITEṈ | ȻE¸ | ¸E | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱." |
| robbed | inform | prep | art | blackberry | |
| √qen-i-ət-əŋ | kʷə¸ | ʔə | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| √rob-persis-trns-psv | inform | prep | art | s-√blackberry |
Robbed of the blackberries."
| 42) | SU¸ | ȽÁÁLS | TŦU¸NENI¸ȽEYE¸ | I¸ |
| so | go_ashore | them | and | |
| s-w̕- | √ɬée-il-s | tθəw̕-nə+√ni<ʔ>ɬ-yəʔ | ʔiʔ | |
| s-contrast- | √go_ashore-dev-3pos | spec-pl+√3focus<pl>-pl | and |
| JÁN¸ | JE | U¸ | ŦEŦÁW¸T | TŦU¸NIȽ | SQTO¸. | ||
| very | apparently | uconn | spread_out | the_one | raven | ||
| √č̕en̕ | č̕ə | ʔəw̕ | θə+√θew<ˀ>-t | tθəw̕-√niɬ | s-√k̕ʷtaʔ | ||
| √very | apparent | u_conn | res+√lay<actl>-stat | the_one | s-√raven |
So they came ashore and Raven was stretched out lying down.
| 43) | EN¸XSET. |
| groan | |
| √ʔən̕x̣-sat | |
| √groan-rflxv |
He was moaning.
| 44) | W̱ENIṈ | ȻE | SJÁN¸ES | U¸ | XEȽ. |
| way | if/when | very | uconn | hurt | |
| √xʷən-i-əŋ | kʷə | s-√č̕en̕-əs | ʔəw̕ | √x̣əɬ | |
| √way-persis-mdl | if/when | stat-√very-3subsubj | u_conn | √hurt |
He was very hurt.
| 45) | ₭ÍNEṈ. |
| be_attacked | |
| √q̕ʷay-naxʷ-əŋ | |
| √die-nctrns-psv |
He was attacked.
| 46) | I¸ | U¸ | EWE | OL¸ | TŦU¸NIȽ | |
| and | uconn | not | limit | the_one | ||
| ʔiʔ | ʔəw̕ | √ʔəwə | ʔal̕ | tθəw̕-√niɬ | ||
| and | u_conn | √no | limit | the_one |
| U¸ | NIȽ | ȻE¸ | OL¸ | ḴÁN¸ | ¸E | TŦE | S₭ELÁLṈEW̱. | |
| contr | it_is | inform | limit | steal | prep | art | blackberry | |
| ʔəw̕- | √niɬ | kʷə¸ | ʔal̕ | √qen̕ | ʔə | tθə | s-√q̕ʷəlelŋəxʷ | |
| contr- | √3focus | inform | limit | √steal | prep | art | s-√blackberry |
And it wasn't he himself who stole the blackberries.
| 47) | SU¸ | ŚEḴS | ȻSÁ¸E. | |
| so | complete | inv.near | ||
| s-w̕- | √šəq-s | kʷs-eʔə | ||
| s-contrast- | √finish-3pos | inv.near |
So it's finished.
Abbreviations used in the interlinear annotations:
| 1focus 'first-person focus' §15.2, §15.3 | inv.near 'not visible, near article' §57 |
| 1subj 'I (subject)' §1.1, §1.2 | inv_sp 'not visible, specific article' §4.3 |
| 1pos 'my (possessive)' §5.1 | limit 'speech act modifier' §48.3 |
| 1plpos 'our (possessive)' §5.1 | loc 'location prefix' §56.2 |
| 2pos 'your (possessive)' §5.1 | mdl 'middle' §35 |
| 3focus 'third-person focus' §15.2, §15.3 | past 'tense' §2.1 |
| 3pos 'his/her/its/their possessive' §5.1 | persis 'persistent' §33.1 |
| 3subsubj 'he/she/it subordinate subject' §17 | pl 'collective plural' §41 |
| 3subj 'he/she/it/they subject' §1.2 | prep 'preposition' §8 |
| actl 'actual' §42 | presume 'speech act modifier' §48.1 |
| alrdy 'already' §23.3 | proc 'in process' §56.1 |
| and 'conjunction' §11 | psv 'passive' §32.1, §33 |
| apparent 'apparently' §48.3 | ptcaus 'location causative' §40.4 |
| caus 'causative' §40 | res 'resultative' §43 |
| char 'characteristic' §59 | rflxv 'reflexive' §13.1, §45.1 |
| contr 'contrast' §51, §56.1 | S- 'noun prefix' §49, §38.2 |
| dim 'diminutive' §59.1 | spec 'specific article' §57.2 |
| expect 'speech act modifier' §48.2 | stat 'stative' §43 |
| for 'thing for/reason for' §38.1, §39 | still 'time prefix' §24 |
| future 'future tense' §2.2 | sub 'È» subordinate' §46 |
| have 'verbal prefix' §54 | surprise 'speech act modifier' §48.1 |
| if/when 'if/when subordinator' §30.1 | therefore 'speech act modifier' §16.1, §38, §39, §28.1, §48.1 |
| immed 'immediate, just now' §23.6 | trns 'control transitive' §32.1 |
| inform 'speech act modifier' §48.3 | uconn 'U-class connector' §10.1 |