43 State, Result, and Duration
Models
| 1) | ṮEĆ | ‘be under’ |
| 2) | ṮÁĆ | ‘deep’ |
| 3) | ṮÁĆEȽ | ‘bottom, low’ |
| 4) | SṮÁĆEȽ | ‘below, underneath’ |
‣ 1 The models here are all built on the root ṮEĆ.
‣ 2 Model 1 is the root ṮEĆ alone. Model 2 adds the resultative vowel change. Model 3 has both the resultative vowel change and the durative suffix. Model 4 adds the stative prefix to that. These are explained in the following points.
‣ 3 The resultative is marked by a vowel change in model 2 that can be thought of as an infix. The E of the root is replaced by Á. This vowel change indicates a resultant state. Looking at models 1 and 2, ‘deep,’ ṮÁĆ, is the result of being ‘under’, ṮEĆ.
‣ 4 The resultative will change a stem E to Á or O. If the vowel is next to a consonant that involves using the lips: P, B, M, M¸, Ȼ, Q, W̱, W, Ḱ, ₭, or X̱, the vowel is O, otherwise the vowel is Á. For example, from ĆEḰ ‘burn’ we get SĆOḰEȽ ‘on fire’—the result of burning with some duration. This vowel difference is not always the case. There are a few exceptions. For example, from KEB ‘gather’ we get SKÁPEȽ ‘be gathered’—the result of gathering with some duration. In this word, the vowel is Á rather than the expected O.
‣ 5 The resultative of stems with a vowel other than E is formed with C1E reduplication. The result looks like the rarer form of the actual aspect reduplication. The meaning and use distinguish the two.
‣ 6 The durative is marked by the suffix ‑EȽ. This adds a meaning of duration—the situation lasts for some time. In model 3, ṮÁĆ ‘deep’ becomes ṮÁĆEȽ ‘bottom, low,’ indicating a situation that is enduring.
‣ 7 The stative prefix S- marks a completed state. Model 4 shows the stative added to ṮÁĆEȽ ‘bottom, low.’ Model 4, which has all three—resultative, durative, and stative—can be seen as referring to a state of some duration that is the result of being deep.
‣ 8 It is important to point out that the stative prefix S- is not the same as the noun forming prefix S-. The meaning is certainly different, and, in fact, it is possible to get both the noun S‑ and the stative S‑ together on the same word. For example, QENNEW̱ SEN ¸E Ȼ NE SSṮÁĆEȽ ‘I saw it when I was underneath.’ In this sentence, the first S‑ makes SṮÁĆEȽ a noun allowing the addition of the NE possessive prefix.
‣ 9 For some speakers the stative prefix is pronounced as ES‑ when it follows the negative S (§12). Compare SNOW̱EȽ ‘it’s inside’ to EWE S ESNOW̱EȽ ‘it’s not inside.’ At the beginning of the sentence the prefix is S-, but it is ES- after the negative S.
‣ 10 There is great similarity in the meaning of these three: completed state (S‑), resulting state (vowel change), and enduring state (‑Ƚ). They each refer to a different aspect of a state of being. Because of this similarity, they usually occur together. In fact, sets of forms like those in models are hard to find. But words with all three, like model 4, are very common.
 | STOȻEȽ TŦE NE SKEM¸EL¸. | ‘My paddle is broken.’ |
 | ĆOȻES TŦE NE SȻA¸. | ‘Use mine.’ |
| EWENE EN¸ SKEM¸EL¸ | ‘You have no paddle.’ |
| ÁĆENÁ! SḰOȽEȽ TŦE NE SKEM¸EL¸! | ‘Goodness! My paddle is washed ashore!’ |
43A. Look up these words, identify the root in each, and say which of these it also has: stative, resultative, and durative. 1. SḰOȽEȽ 2. SĆOU¸EȽ 3. ȻOȾEȽ 4. ḴÁM¸EL¸ 5. STOȻEȽ 43B. Use each those words in a sentence. |