Appendix N: Numbers in Klallam
The grammar of numbers in Klallam is not difficult, but there are a few things that make it different from English. Here are the basic Klallam numbers.
‣ 1 The Klallam system is decimal—based on ten—like English. The numbers eleven to nineteen are literally ‘ten and a one,’ ‘ten and a two,’ and so on. The numbers twenty and above follow the same pattern. So, for example, ‘101’ is snáč̓əwəč ʔiʔ či nə́c̓uʔ.
‣ 2 The word for 20, nəc̓xʷk̓ʷə́s is unique, but the words for numbers 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 are regular. Each has the suffix ‑ɬšáʔ ‘multiple of 10.’ It means the same thing as the English suffix ‑ty on ‘sixty.’
‣ 3 Some elders feel that čšɬšáʔ is acceptable for ‘20’ as well as nəc̓xʷk̓ʷə́s
‣ 4 For 200, 300, and so on, use the word for 2, 3, and so on, before the word for 100 as in čə́saʔ snáč̓əwəč ‘200’ and ɬíxʷ snáč̓əwəč ‘300.’ This works all the way up to 1000 and beyond.
‣ 5 English has a special set of ordinal numbers for talking about order in a series: ‘first,’ ‘second,’ ‘third,’ ‘fouth,’ and so on. Klallam just uses the basic words shown above. For example, níɬ cə čə́saʔ súɬ ‘It’s the second door.’
‣ 6 A special set of suffixes on the numbers are used when counting various kinds of things. These are covered in detail in §32.3 on the lexical suffixes.
‣ 7 Two sets of special counting forms are particularɬy useful. One is forms for counting people.
‣ 8 Compare these with the basic numbers. Note that in the words for counting people shown in point 7, the words for ‘one person’ and ‘two people’ are different from the rest. For these two, the vowel changes and a glottal stop appears after the stressed vowel.
‣ 9 After ‘one person’ and ‘two people,’ all of the numbers have the -áy ‘person’ suffix. This suffix always takes stress away from the word it is attached to. Therefore, the vowel of the root reduces to /ə/ or deletes.
‣ 10 The other very useful set of counting forms is for counting times:
‣ 11 Klallam has special forms for the words meaning ‘once’ and ‘twice’ just as English does. nəc̓áxʷ once’ is derived from the word nə́c̓uʔ ‘one.’ This is a unique form of the word. The word cəŋcáŋ is based on an old root for ‘two’ that appears in just this word, in the word for Tuesday cəŋənát, and in words for counting canoes and houses. For numbers higher than two, the ‘times’ form is regular.
| nə́c̓uʔ | 1 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či nə́c̓uʔ | 11 | nəc̓xʷk̓ʷə́s ʔiʔ či nə́c̓uʔ | 21 |
| čə́saʔ | 2 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či čə́saʔ | 12 | ɬxʷɬšáʔ | 30 |
| ɬíxʷ | 3 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či ɬíxʷ | 13 | ŋəsɬšáʔ | 40 |
| ŋús | 4 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či ŋús | 14 | ɬq̓čšɬšáʔ | 50 |
| ɬq̓áčš | 5 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či ɬq̓áčš | 15 | t̓x̣əŋɬšáʔ | 60 |
| t̓x̣ə́ŋ | 6 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či t̓x̣ə́ŋ | 16 | c̓əʔkʷsɬšáʔ | 70 |
| c̓úʔkʷs | 7 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či c̓úʔkʷs | 17 | təʔcsɬšáʔ | 80 |
| táʔcs | 8 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či táʔcs | 18 | tkʷxʷɬšáʔ | 90 |
| tə́kʷxʷ | 9 | ʔupən ʔiʔ či tə́kʷxʷ | 19 | snáč̓əwəč | 100 |
| ʔúpən | 10 | nəc̓xʷk̓ʷə́s | 20 | ʔúpən snáč̓əwəč | 1000 |
‣ 2 The word for 20, nəc̓xʷk̓ʷə́s is unique, but the words for numbers 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 are regular. Each has the suffix ‑ɬšáʔ ‘multiple of 10.’ It means the same thing as the English suffix ‑ty on ‘sixty.’
‣ 3 Some elders feel that čšɬšáʔ is acceptable for ‘20’ as well as nəc̓xʷk̓ʷə́s
‣ 4 For 200, 300, and so on, use the word for 2, 3, and so on, before the word for 100 as in čə́saʔ snáč̓əwəč ‘200’ and ɬíxʷ snáč̓əwəč ‘300.’ This works all the way up to 1000 and beyond.
‣ 5 English has a special set of ordinal numbers for talking about order in a series: ‘first,’ ‘second,’ ‘third,’ ‘fouth,’ and so on. Klallam just uses the basic words shown above. For example, níɬ cə čə́saʔ súɬ ‘It’s the second door.’
‣ 6 A special set of suffixes on the numbers are used when counting various kinds of things. These are covered in detail in §32.3 on the lexical suffixes.
‣ 7 Two sets of special counting forms are particularɬy useful. One is forms for counting people.
| náʔc̓uʔ | ‘one person’ |
| čáʔsaʔ | ‘two people’ |
| ɬxʷáy | ‘three people’ |
| ŋəsáy | ‘four people’ |
| ɬq̓čšáy | ‘five people’ |
| t̓x̣əŋáy | ‘six people’ |
| c̓aʔkʷsáy | ‘seven people’ |
| taʔcsáy | ‘eight people’ |
| tkʷxʷáy | ‘nine people’ |
| ʔəpənáy | ‘ten people’ |
‣ 9 After ‘one person’ and ‘two people,’ all of the numbers have the -áy ‘person’ suffix. This suffix always takes stress away from the word it is attached to. Therefore, the vowel of the root reduces to /ə/ or deletes.
‣ 10 The other very useful set of counting forms is for counting times:
| nəc̓áxʷ | ‘once’ |
| cəŋcáŋ | ‘twice’ |
| ɬxʷáɬ | ‘three times’ |
| ŋəsáɬ | ‘four times’ |
| ɬq̓čšáɬ | ‘five times’ |
| t̓x̣əŋáɬ | ‘six times’ |
| c̓uʔkʷsáɬ | ‘seven times’ |
| taʔcsáɬ | ‘eight times’ |
| tkʷxʷáɬ | ‘nine times’ |
| ʔəpənáɬ | ‘ten times’ |