Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent

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This section covers three common and useful intransitive suffixes. You have already met the ‑ct/‑cút reflexive in §11.1. In that early section it was mentioned that there are uses of this suffix other than to refer to oneself. Those other uses are covered in §46.1.

Also in §11.1 it was mentioned that there are other ways of getting across the idea of ‘self’ in Klallam. We saw one of those other ways in §44.1, where the ‘middle’ suffix can be interpreted as ‘self.’ There is another suffix that can occasionally be interpreted as ‘self.’ This other suffix is the ‘noncontrol middle,’ which is covered in §46.2. The third suffix of this section is similar to the ‘noncontrol middle’ but is never interpreted as ‘self.’ It is covered in §46.3.
 

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  1. Grammar Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 46.1. Reflexive and inchoative -ct/-cút
  2. 46.2. Noncontrol middle -núŋət
  3. 46.3. Contingent -tənúʔŋət