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Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

53 More Demonstrative Articles

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In §4 you learned about the basic Klallam articles. The introduction to that section mentioned that there are many more. This section concerns the rest of the articles and puts them in the perspective of what you know about Klallam grammar at this point.

The Klallam demonstratives are all small words composed of parts that each have a more or less recognizable meaning. If you go back now and review §4, you will see that we covered four elements of meaning: particular, nonspecific, nonvisible, and feminine in five articles: cə ‘particular,’ či ‘nonspecific,’ kʷə ‘nonvisible,’ tsə ‘feminine, particular,’ and kʷɬə ‘feminine, nonvisible.’ Notice that the two ‘nonvisible’ articles begin with kʷ. This is not accidental. In fact, all of the articles that begin with kʷ carry ‘nonvisible’ as part of their meaning.

In this section, five more units of meaning will be added to these four, and you will see other patterns of correspondence between sounds and meaning. The five new elements of meaning are ‘near,’ ‘far,’ ‘definite,’ ‘emphatic,’ and ‘other one.’

These eight elements combine to form a total of thirty-six different demonstrative articles in Klallam. A complete list is given in a chart in Appendix C.
 

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  1. Grammar Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 53.1. -iə ‘near’ and -əsə ‘far’
  2. 53.2. -áyə ‘emphatic,’ -w̕níɬ ‘definite,’ and -anu ‘other one’