Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’

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Conjunction is when two words or phrases are joined together. English has several small words used for this purpose, such as ‘and,’ ‘but,’ and ‘or.’

Klallam has one multipurpose conjunction: ʔiʔ. This little word is used in meanings like ‘and’ and ‘but,’ and it is also used in many cases where English uses ‘with.’ Actually ʔiʔ can be used in a number of ways that do not translate directly into English. In §17.1 we  cover the basic use of ʔiʔ meaning ‘and’ or ‘with,’ and in §17.2 we cover its combination with a prefix ʔuʔ to mean ‘but’ or ‘without.’ In Klallam the notion of ‘or’ is a bit more complicated. There are at least two ways of expressing it. These will be introduced in §17.3.
 

This page has paths:

  1. Grammar Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 17.1. ‘And’ and ‘with’
  2. 17.2. ‘But’ and ‘without’
  3. 17.3. ‘Or’