Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

30 Conditional Clauses

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Every language has at least one way of expressing conditions on some event. English, for example, uses the word ‘if’ to indicate a condition, as in ‘If I whistle, you jump.’ Notice that there are two events here: ‘I whistle’ and ‘you jump.’ These are called clauses. The main clause in this example sentence is ‘you jump’; the condition clause is ‘I whistle.’
English has another way of stating a condition, as in ‘When I whistle, you jump.’ In this example ‘when’ means basically the same thing as ‘if’ in the previous example.
Klallam has two ways of expressing conditions. The first construction, which you will learn in §30.1, is the subordinate conditional, which is very similar to the English construction with a subordinate ‘if’ or ‘when’ clause. The second construction, covered in §30.2, is very common in Klallam, but unusual from the point of view of English and the other European languages. In this construction there are two main clauses—one with a special verb meaning ‘if’ or ‘when.’
A very common use of conditional expressions is in talking about hypothetical situations. In §30.3 you will learn how to express hypothetical situations in Klallam.
 

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  1. Grammar Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 30.1. Subordinate conditional: kʷaʔ ____
  2. 30.2. Coordinate conditional: húʔ
  3. 30.3. Hypothetical: ____ q