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Klallam GrammarMain MenuKlallam GrammarAlphabet and SoundsBasicsGrammarIntroduction: How to Use This Grammar1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs2 Past and Future Tense3 Basic Speech Acts4 Nouns and Articles5 Possessive Pronouns6 Adjectives7 Object Pronouns8 The Preposition and Word Order9 Negative Words10 More Negative Words11 Self and Each Other12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions14 Questions: ‘Whose?’15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions16 Comparison17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’18 Questions: ‘When?’19 Time Expressions20 More Time Expressions21 Time Prefixes22 Questions: ‘Where?’23 Some Place Expressions24 Source, Way, and Destination25 Serial Verbs26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’27 While Clauses28 Adverbial Expressions29 Intensifier Auxiliaries30 Conditional Clauses31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels32 Lexical Suffixes33 Collective Plural34 Possessed Verbs35 So Then ...36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes37 Indirect Quotes38 Questions: ‘Why?’39 Because41 Speech Act Particles42 The Actual: To Be Continuing43 State, Result, and Duration44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent47 Activity Suffixes48 Relative Clauses49 Verbal Prefixes50 Movement and Development Suffixes51 Nominalizing Prefixes52 Adverbial Prefixes53 More Demonstrative Articles54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success55 More Reduplication Patterns56 Interjections57 Rare Suffixes58 A Fully Annotated Text59 Texts to Annotate60 ConclusionAppendicesKlallam DictionaryKlallam-English and English-Klallam sections onlyMontler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
40 Cause
12018-07-20T18:58:28-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101309044plain7799102021-07-14T14:14:03-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101All languages have patterns in their grammars for expressing the important notion of cause. English has many ways of expressing this notion, but we can identify three general ways English expresses cause in a sentence.
The most common way to express cause in English is with a verb that means basically ‘cause.’ For example, we can say ‘I caused him to eat,’ ‘I made him eat,’ ‘I had him eat,’ and many other ways of getting this idea that ‘I’ was the cause of him eating.
Another way English expresses cause is through verbs that have the notion of cause built into the meaning. For example, the sentence ‘I fed him’ means ‘I caused him to eat.’ We say that ‘feed’ is the causative of ‘eat’ since ‘feed’ means ‘cause to eat.’ Most English verbs, though, have no special causative form. For many verbs, like ‘sleep,’ you just have to use a ‘cause’ verb phrase like ‘put to sleep’ to express the ‘cause’ idea.
The third way of expressing cause in English is used with many intransitive verbs. Verbs like ‘walk’ are causative when they are transitive, and noncausative when they are intransitive. For example, ‘I walked’ is intransitive (no direct object) and there is no idea of ‘cause’ involved. But ‘I walked the dog’ is transitive (‘the dog’ is the object) and also expresses the idea that I caused the dog to walk.
Klallam also has three basic ways of expressing ‘cause’ in a sentence, but they are all quite different from the ways English does it. In fact, Klallam entirely lacks the three methods used by English. Klallam has no verbs like ‘caused’ or ‘made’ to make sentences like ‘I made him eat,’ it has no words like ‘feed’ with a ‘cause’ meaning built in, and intransitive verbs can never be used with a ‘cause’ meaning, like English ‘walk the dog.’ As you will see in this section, Klallam uses suffixes on the verb to express cause.
The Klallam causative suffixes are transitivizers. Like the ‑t and ‑nəxʷ suffixes (§7.1 and §7.2), the causative suffixes are added to an intransitive verb to create a transitive verb–a verb that an object suffix can attach to.
It is possible to add only the ‘let’ causative to a transitive. See the feathers in §40.3 for an example. Otherwise, it is not possible to add a causative to a word that is already transitive. To say something like ‘I made him feed the dog,’ you would have to say it indirectly using the ‘that’s why’ construction (§39.2), as in sát cn; níɬ kʷaʔčaʔ sxʷʔíɬəntxʷs cə sqáxaʔ ‘I told him to; that’s why he fed the dog.’
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12018-07-28T12:40:36-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910140.1. Agent causative: -istxʷ6plain2022-12-02T14:14:14-08:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
12018-07-28T12:40:49-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910140.2. Non-agent causative: -txʷ6plain2023-10-11T13:31:31-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
12018-07-28T12:40:59-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910140.3. Let causative: -txʷ3plain2021-07-16T12:26:31-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
12018-07-28T12:41:12-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910140.4. Put causative: -as10plain2023-01-23T07:14:30-08:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101