58 A Fully Annotated Text
Over 350 texts have been recorded from elders who spoke Klallam as their first language. These texts include traditional stories, history, legends, personal anecdotes, and songs. Other than speaking and using the language regularly, there is no better way to reach an advanced level of proficiency than to work through the texts of native speakers. By working through a text you get to see how all of the pieces of the grammar fit together. This section illustrates the basics of annotating a text. A fully annotated text consists of an interlinear translation with a free translation and commentary about the context of the original telling and any other information relevant to understanding the story. An interlinear translation is simply the story with the translation and, sometimes, analysis of each word aligned under it. The analysis of a word shows its prefixes, suffixes, and everything else about it.
This funny little story was told many times by Tom Charles, wətə́nəx̣ən. It is a typical Raven story. In the traditional stories, Raven, before he got turned into a bird, was a liar and a glutton who would steal food and even hide food from his own children. But he always got caught. Whenever Raven is mentioned in a story, everyone starts to smile.
This version of the story was told by Tom Charles in 1992 at the home of Ed and Hazel Sampson. Tom and Ed were cousins and had told each other stories they learned from their elders many times over the years. At this telling of the story there were about ten people present. Four were native speakers of Klallam; two others could understand the story; the rest were Klallam learners. A version of this story has been posted on YouTube.
The text here has four interlinear lines plus a free translation for every sentence. The first line is the Klallam. The second line is the basic translation of the Klallam word. The third line shows all of the components of the word. The fourth line shows the meaning of each element analyzed in the third line. This annotation follows the conventions and abbreviations of the Klallam Dictionary (pp. xvi–xvii). The symbol √ is put at the beginning of a root. A hyphen (‑) follows a prefix and precedes a suffix. A plus (+) marks a reduplication pattern. And the angle brackets (< and >) surround an infix. Articles, conjunctions, prepositions, and speech act particles have no special marking. A list of abbreviations follows the annotated text.
Raven Fakes a Broken Arm
Here is the text:
ƛ̓áy č̓ yaʔ kʷi ʔuʔ x̣ʷənʔáŋ kʷiə sk̓ʷtúʔ yaʔ. ƛ̓áy č̓ yaʔ ʔuʔ qáyx̣ ʔəɬ qʷáqʷiʔəs. x̣áɬ č̓ cə t̓áwiʔs. x̣ʷənʔáŋ yəxʷ yaʔ ʔaʔ ʔə́c stkʷácss. suʔəsxʷə́yk̓ʷtxʷs tə t̓áwis. ʔiʔ ʔáw č̓ ta c ʔəstákʷɬ tə t̓áwis. ŋə́n̓ č̓ x̣áčəŋ qə́yəx̣ cə ʔəsxʷə́y̓k̓ʷ ʔaʔ cə t̓áwis. ʔi uʔŋuʔúts kʷaʔčaʔ. sxʷaʔtín̓s č̓ sxʷk̓ʷə́nnəxʷtxʷ. kʷɬníɬ kʷaʔ k̓ʷə́nəŋəs ʔaʔ cə ŋə́nəŋənaʔs ʔiʔ qəməsítəŋ. níɬ č̓ sxʷʔəsxʷə́yk̓ʷtxʷ ʔaʔ cə cloth, púxʷən kʷaʔ ʔuʔstáŋəs čtə. níɬ kʷaʔčaʔ ʔuʔ k̓ʷən̓tíŋ̓ č̓ ʔaʔ cə ʔuʔnáʔc̓uʔ ŋə́naʔs. níɬ č̓ suʔŋuʔúts cə x̣áčəŋ qə́yəx̣ sxʷʔəsxʷə́y̓k̓ʷ ʔaʔ cə ʔiʔ kʷaʔ stáŋəs yaʔ čtə. sxʷčtátəŋs ʔaʔ cə nə́c̓uʔ ŋə́naʔs, “ʔaʔstúʔŋət ʔuč kʷaʔčaʔ ʔən̓sxʷc̓ə́ŋ̓təŋ n̓̓cáys.” níɬ č̓ suʔáx̣əŋs, “ʔáwə cn c c̓ə́ŋ̓. púʔxʷt cn ta. x̣áɬ tiə nət̓áwiʔ.” níɬ č̓ suʔƛ̓áys čtátəŋ kʷaʔ k̓ʷə́nəstəŋs ʔaʔ či ʔəstákʷɬ t̓áwis. níɬ č̓ suʔqʷáqʷiʔs qəwə́čən ixʷ kʷiw̓níɬ. ʔáx̣əŋ, “lémət ʔuʔčéləš. lémət ʔuʔčéləš.”
Read along with the story here.
Now here is the text fully annotated:
Raven was also like that.
He also lied when he was talking.
His arm was apparently hurt.
I guess he was like me, who got his arm broken.
So he wrapped up his arm.
But his arm wasn’t broken.
There were lots of dried salmon eggs wrapped up in his arm.
And so he was nibbling on them.
He hated to let them see it.
If his children saw it now, they’d ask for some.
That’s why he wrapped it in cloth, sail cloth or something it probably was.
So one of his children was watching.
So he nibbled on the dried salmon eggs wrapped up in that whatever it was.
That’s why he was asked by one of his children,
“Why are you biting your hand?”
So then he answered, “I’m not biting.
On the contrary, I’m blowing on it. My arm hurts.”
Then he was asked again if he could look at his broken arm.
So then he was spoke in Cowichan, I guess.
He said, “Look at my hand. Look at my hand.”
The story ends with Raven trying to fool his own child by pretending to speak Cowichan. The words lémət and čéləš are Cowichan words.
Abbreviations used in the interlinear annotations:
1focus ‘first-person focus’ §15This funny little story was told many times by Tom Charles, wətə́nəx̣ən. It is a typical Raven story. In the traditional stories, Raven, before he got turned into a bird, was a liar and a glutton who would steal food and even hide food from his own children. But he always got caught. Whenever Raven is mentioned in a story, everyone starts to smile.
This version of the story was told by Tom Charles in 1992 at the home of Ed and Hazel Sampson. Tom and Ed were cousins and had told each other stories they learned from their elders many times over the years. At this telling of the story there were about ten people present. Four were native speakers of Klallam; two others could understand the story; the rest were Klallam learners. A version of this story has been posted on YouTube.
The text here has four interlinear lines plus a free translation for every sentence. The first line is the Klallam. The second line is the basic translation of the Klallam word. The third line shows all of the components of the word. The fourth line shows the meaning of each element analyzed in the third line. This annotation follows the conventions and abbreviations of the Klallam Dictionary (pp. xvi–xvii). The symbol √ is put at the beginning of a root. A hyphen (‑) follows a prefix and precedes a suffix. A plus (+) marks a reduplication pattern. And the angle brackets (< and >) surround an infix. Articles, conjunctions, prepositions, and speech act particles have no special marking. A list of abbreviations follows the annotated text.
Raven Fakes a Broken Arm
Here is the text:
ƛ̓áy č̓ yaʔ kʷi ʔuʔ x̣ʷənʔáŋ kʷiə sk̓ʷtúʔ yaʔ. ƛ̓áy č̓ yaʔ ʔuʔ qáyx̣ ʔəɬ qʷáqʷiʔəs. x̣áɬ č̓ cə t̓áwiʔs. x̣ʷənʔáŋ yəxʷ yaʔ ʔaʔ ʔə́c stkʷácss. suʔəsxʷə́yk̓ʷtxʷs tə t̓áwis. ʔiʔ ʔáw č̓ ta c ʔəstákʷɬ tə t̓áwis. ŋə́n̓ č̓ x̣áčəŋ qə́yəx̣ cə ʔəsxʷə́y̓k̓ʷ ʔaʔ cə t̓áwis. ʔi uʔŋuʔúts kʷaʔčaʔ. sxʷaʔtín̓s č̓ sxʷk̓ʷə́nnəxʷtxʷ. kʷɬníɬ kʷaʔ k̓ʷə́nəŋəs ʔaʔ cə ŋə́nəŋənaʔs ʔiʔ qəməsítəŋ. níɬ č̓ sxʷʔəsxʷə́yk̓ʷtxʷ ʔaʔ cə cloth, púxʷən kʷaʔ ʔuʔstáŋəs čtə. níɬ kʷaʔčaʔ ʔuʔ k̓ʷən̓tíŋ̓ č̓ ʔaʔ cə ʔuʔnáʔc̓uʔ ŋə́naʔs. níɬ č̓ suʔŋuʔúts cə x̣áčəŋ qə́yəx̣ sxʷʔəsxʷə́y̓k̓ʷ ʔaʔ cə ʔiʔ kʷaʔ stáŋəs yaʔ čtə. sxʷčtátəŋs ʔaʔ cə nə́c̓uʔ ŋə́naʔs, “ʔaʔstúʔŋət ʔuč kʷaʔčaʔ ʔən̓sxʷc̓ə́ŋ̓təŋ n̓̓cáys.” níɬ č̓ suʔáx̣əŋs, “ʔáwə cn c c̓ə́ŋ̓. púʔxʷt cn ta. x̣áɬ tiə nət̓áwiʔ.” níɬ č̓ suʔƛ̓áys čtátəŋ kʷaʔ k̓ʷə́nəstəŋs ʔaʔ či ʔəstákʷɬ t̓áwis. níɬ č̓ suʔqʷáqʷiʔs qəwə́čən ixʷ kʷiw̓níɬ. ʔáx̣əŋ, “lémət ʔuʔčéləš. lémət ʔuʔčéləš.”
Read along with the story here.
Now here is the text fully annotated:
1. | ƛ̓áy | č̓ | yaʔ | kʷi | ʔuʔ | x̣ʷənʔáŋ | kʷiə | sk̓ʷtúʔ | yaʔ. |
1. | also | app. | past | suggest | connect | being a way | this | raven | past |
1. | √ƛ̓ay | č̓ | yaʔ | kʷi | ʔuʔ | √x̣ʷənʔa-ŋ<ˀ> | kʷiə | s-√k̓ʷtuʔ | yaʔ |
1. | √also | sap | sap | sap | u-conn | √way-mdl<actl> | dem | s-√raven | sap |
2. | ƛ̓áy | č̓ | yaʔ | ʔuʔ | qáyx̣ | ʔəɬ | qʷáqʷiʔ | -əs. |
2. | also | app. | past | connect | lie | while | talking | -he |
2. | √ƛ̓ay | č̓ | yaʔ | ʔuʔ | √qayx̣ | ʔəɬ | qʷa+√qʷay<ʔ> | -əs |
2. | √also | sap | sap | u-conn | lie | whl | actl+√talk<actl> | -3sd.sbj. |
3. | x̣áɬ | č̓ | cə | t̓áwiʔ | -s. |
3. | sore | app. | the | arm | -his |
3. | √x̣<á>ɬ | č̓ | cə | √t̓awyʔ | -s |
3. | √hurt<rslt> | sap | dem | √arm | -3pos |
4. | x̣ʷənʔáŋ | yəxʷ | yaʔ | ʔaʔ | ʔə́c | s- | tkʷács | -s. |
4. | like | guess | past | me | s- | break arm | -his | |
4. | √x̣ʷn̓a-ŋ | yəxʷ | yaʔ | ʔaʔ | √ʔəc | s- | √tkʷ=acs | -s |
4. | √way-mdl<actl> | sap | sap | prep | 1focus | s- | √break=arm | -3pos |
5. | suʔ- | ʔəsxʷə́yk̓ʷtxʷ | -s | tə | t̓áwi | -s. |
5. | so- | wrap up | -he | the | arm | -his |
5. | suʔ- | ʔs-√xʷəyk̓ʷ-txʷ | -s | cə | √t̓awy | -s |
5. | s-contr- | stat-√wrap-caus | -3pos | dem | √arm | -3pos |
6. | ʔiʔ | ʔáw | č̓ | ta | c | ʔəstákʷɬ | tə | t̓áwi | -s. |
6. | but | not | app. | contrary | neg | broken | the | arm | -his |
6. | ʔiʔ | √ʔawə | č̓ | ta | c | ʔs-√t<á>kʷ-ɬ | cə | √t̓awy | -s |
6. | conj | √not | sap | sap | negc | stat-√break<rslt>-dur | dem | arm | -3pos |
7. | ŋə́n̓ | č̓ | x̣áčəŋ | qə́yəx̣ | cə | ʔəsxʷə́y̓k̓ʷ | ʔaʔ | cə | t̓áwi | -s. |
7. | much | app. | dry | roe | the | wrapped up | in | the | arm | -his |
7. | √ŋən̓ | č̓ | √x̣ač-ŋ | √qəyx̣ | cə | ʔs-√xʷəy̓k̓ʷ | ʔaʔ | cə | √t̓awy | -s |
7. | √much | sap | √dry-mdl | √roe | dem | stat-√wrap | prep | dem | arm | -3pos |
8. | ʔi | uʔ- | ŋuʔút | -s | kʷaʔčaʔ. |
8. | and | so- | eating it | -he | therefore |
8. | ʔiʔ | ʔuʔ- | √ŋ<əʔ>ú-t | -s | kʷaʔčaʔ |
8. | conj | contr- | √eat<actl>-tr | -3subj | sap |
9. | sxʷaʔtín̓ | -s | č̓ | sxʷ- | k̓ʷə́nnəxʷtxʷ. |
9. | hated | -he | app. | for- | to let them see it |
9. | s-√xʷəʔtin̓ | -s | č̓ | sxʷ- | √k̓ʷən-naxʷ-txʷ |
9. | s-√dislike | -3pos | sap | for- | √see-ntr-letcaus |
10. | kʷɬníɬ | kʷaʔ | k̓ʷə́nəŋ | -əs | ʔaʔ | cə | ŋə́nəŋənaʔ | -s |
10. | now | if | is seen | -he | by | the | children | -his |
10. | kʷɬ-√niɬ | kʷaʔ | √k̓ʷən-naxʷ-ŋ | -s | ʔaʔ | cə | ŋə́n+√ŋənaʔ | -s |
10. | alrdy-√3focus | if/when | √see-ntr-psv | -3sd.sbj | prep | dem | pl+√child | -3pos |
ʔiʔ | qəməsítəŋ. | |
then | be asked for | |
ʔiʔ | √qm̓-sít-ŋ | |
conj | √beg-bene-psv |
11. | níɬ | č̓ | sxʷ- | ʔəsxʷə́yk̓ʷtxʷ | ʔaʔ | cə | cloth, |
11. | that | apparently | reason for- | wrapped up | in | the | cloth |
11. | √niɬ | č̓ | sxʷ- | ʔs-√xʷəyk̓ʷ-txʷ | ʔaʔ | cə | cloth |
11. | √3focus | sap | for- | stat-√wrap-caus | prep | dem | cloth |
púxʷən | kʷaʔ | ʔuʔ- | stáŋ | -əs | čtə. | |
sail cloth | if/when | contr- | something | -he | probably | |
√puxʷ=n | kʷaʔ | ʔuʔ- | s-√taŋ | -s | čtə | |
√blow=instrument | if/when | contr- | s-√what | -3sd.sbj | sap |
12. | níɬ | kʷaʔčaʔ | ʔuʔ | k̓ʷən̓tíŋ̓ | č̓ |
12. | he was | therefore | u-conn | being watched | app. |
12. | √niɬ | kʷaʔčaʔ | w̓ | √k̓ʷn<̓>-t-í-ŋ<̓> | č̓ |
12. | √3focus | sap | u-conn | √see<actl>-tr-pers-psv<actl> | sap |
ʔaʔ | cə | ʔuʔ- | náʔc̓uʔ | ŋə́naʔ | -s. | |
by | the | contr- | one | child | -his | |
ʔaʔ | cə | ʔuʔ- | √n<áʔ>əc̓uʔ | √ŋə́nəʔ | -s | |
prep | dem | contr- | √one<person> | √child | -3pos |
13. | níɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | ŋuʔút | -s | cə | x̣áčəŋ | qə́yəx̣ |
13. | then | apparently | so- | eating it | -he | the | dry | salmon eggs |
13. | √niɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | √ŋ<əʔ>ú-t | -s | cə | √x̣ač-ŋ | √qəyx̣ |
13. | √3focus | sap | s-contr- | √eat<actl>-tr | -3pos | dem | √dry-mdl | √roe |
sxʷ- | ʔəsxʷə́y̓k̓ʷ | ʔaʔ | cə | ʔiʔ | kʷaʔ | stáŋ | -əs | yaʔ | čtə. | |
for- | wrapped up | in | it | and | if | what | -it | past | probably | |
sxʷ- | ʔs-√xʷəy̓k̓ʷ | ʔaʔ | cə | ʔiʔ | kʷaʔ | s-√taŋ | -s | yaʔ | čtə | |
for- | stat-√wrap | prep | dem | conj | if/when | s-√what | -3sd.sbj | sap | sap |
14. | sxʷ- | čtátəŋ | -s | ʔaʔ | cə | náʔc̓uʔ | ŋə́naʔ | -s, |
14. | for- | was asked | -he | by | the | one | offspring | -his |
14. | sxʷ- | √čta-t-ŋ | -s | ʔaʔ | cə | √n<áʔ>əc̓uʔ | √ŋə́nəʔ | -s |
14. | for- | √ask-tr-psv | -3pos | prep | dem | √one<person> | √child | -3pos |
15. | “ʔaʔstúʔŋət | ʔuč | kʷaʔčaʔ |
15. | why | request | therefore |
15. | √ʔə<ʔ>stu<ʔ>ŋt | ʔuč | kʷaʔčaʔ |
15. | √do what<actl> | sap | sap |
ʔən̓- | sxʷ- | c̓ə́ŋ̓təŋ | n̓- | cáys.” | |
your- | reason for- | be bitten | your- | hand | |
ʔən̓- | sxʷ- | √c̓əŋ̓-t-ŋ | ʔn̓- | √cays | |
2pos- | for- | √bite<actl>-tr-psv | 2pos- | √hand |
16. | níɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | ʔáx̣əŋ | -s, | “ʔáwə | cn | c | c̓ə́ŋ̓. |
16. | then | apparently | so- | say | -he, | ‘not | I | negc | bite |
16. | √niɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | √ʔax̣-ŋ | -s | √ʔawə | cn | c | √c̓əŋ̓ |
16. | √3focus | sap | s-contr- | √say-mdl | -3pos | √not | 1subj | negc | √bite |
17. | púʔxʷt | cn | ta. | x̣áɬ | tiə | nə- | t̓áwiʔ.” |
17. | blowing on it | I | contrary | sore | this | my- | arm |
17. | √pu<ʔ>xʷ-t | cn | cə | √x̣<á>ɬ | tiə | n- | √t̓awy |
17. | √blow<actl>-tr | 1subj | sap | √hurt<rslt> | dem | 1pos- | √arm |
18. | níɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | ƛ̓áy | -s | čtátəŋ | kʷaʔ |
18. | then | apparently | so- | again | -he | was asked | if |
18. | √niɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | √ƛ̓ay̓ | -s | √čta-t-ŋ | kʷaʔ |
18. | √3focus | sap | s-contr- | √again | -3pos | √ask-tr-psv | if/when |
k̓ʷə́nəstəŋ | -s | ʔaʔ | či | ʔəstákʷɬ | t̓áwi | -s. | |
be.shown | -he | obl | the | broken | arm | -his | |
√k̓ʷən-əstxʷ-ŋ | -s | ʔaʔ | či | ʔs-√t<á>kʷ-ɬ | √t̓awy | -s | |
√see-caus-psv | -3sd.sbj | prep | dem | stat-√break<rslt>-dur | √arm | -3pos |
19. | níɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | qʷáqʷiʔ | -s | qəwə́čən | ixʷ | kʷiw̓níɬ |
19. | 3focus | apparently | so- | talking | -he, | Cowichan | guess | that one |
19. | √niɬ | č̓ | suʔ- | qʷa+√qʷay <ʔ> | -s | √qwʔə́čn | yəxʷ | kʷi-w̓-níɬ |
19. | √3focus | sap | s-contr- | actl+√talk <actl> | -3pos | √Cowichan | sap | dem |
20. | ʔáx̣əŋ, | “lémət | ʔuʔ- | čéləš. | lémət | ʔuʔ | čéləš.” |
20. | he.said, | look at it | contr- | hand | look at it | contr- | hand |
20. | √ʔáx̣-ŋ | lémət | ʔuʔ- | čéləš | lémət | ʔuʔ- | čéləš |
20. | √say-mdl | look at it | contr- | hand | look at it | contr- | hand |
The story ends with Raven trying to fool his own child by pretending to speak Cowichan. The words lémət and čéləš are Cowichan words.
Abbreviations used in the interlinear annotations:
1subj ‘I subject’
2pos ‘you possessive’ §5.1
3focus ‘third-person focus’ §15
-3pos ‘his/her/its/their possessive’ §5.1
-3sd.sbj ‘he/she/it subordinate subject’ §13
-3subj ‘he/she/it/they subject’ §1.2
actl ‘actual’ §42
alrdy- ‘already’ §19.3
app. ‘apparently’ §41.1
-bene ‘beneficiary’ §45.2
-caus ‘causative’ §40
conj ‘conjunction’ §17, §30
contr- ‘contrast’ §35, §52.1
dem ‘demonstrative article’ §4, §53
dur ‘durative’ §43
for- ‘thing for/reason for’ §38.1, §39
if/when ‘if/when subordinator’ §30.1
-letcaus ‘let causative’ §40.3
-mdl ‘middle’ §44
negc ‘negative c’ §9.2
-ntr ‘noncontrol transitive’ §7.2
-pers ‘persistent’ §31.1
pl+ ‘collective plural’ §33
prep ‘preposition’ §8.1
-psv ‘passive’ §7.1, §31
rslt ‘resultative’ §43
s- ‘s- prefix’ §34, §38.2
sap ‘speech act particle’ §41
s-contr- ‘s- contrast’ §35
stat- ‘stative’ §43
-tr ‘control transitive’ §7.1
u-conn ‘ʔuʔ-class connector’ §29.1
whl ‘while’ §27
2pos ‘you possessive’ §5.1
3focus ‘third-person focus’ §15
-3pos ‘his/her/its/their possessive’ §5.1
-3sd.sbj ‘he/she/it subordinate subject’ §13
-3subj ‘he/she/it/they subject’ §1.2
actl ‘actual’ §42
alrdy- ‘already’ §19.3
app. ‘apparently’ §41.1
-bene ‘beneficiary’ §45.2
-caus ‘causative’ §40
conj ‘conjunction’ §17, §30
contr- ‘contrast’ §35, §52.1
dem ‘demonstrative article’ §4, §53
dur ‘durative’ §43
for- ‘thing for/reason for’ §38.1, §39
if/when ‘if/when subordinator’ §30.1
-letcaus ‘let causative’ §40.3
-mdl ‘middle’ §44
negc ‘negative c’ §9.2
-ntr ‘noncontrol transitive’ §7.2
-pers ‘persistent’ §31.1
pl+ ‘collective plural’ §33
prep ‘preposition’ §8.1
-psv ‘passive’ §7.1, §31
rslt ‘resultative’ §43
s- ‘s- prefix’ §34, §38.2
sap ‘speech act particle’ §41
s-contr- ‘s- contrast’ §35
stat- ‘stative’ §43
-tr ‘control transitive’ §7.1
u-conn ‘ʔuʔ-class connector’ §29.1
whl ‘while’ §27