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Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

Appendix A: Technical Description of Klallam Sounds

30904

These are listed in Klallam alphabetical order.

Klallam Symbol	Articulatory Description	IPA Symbol
ʔ	glottal stop	ʔ
a	low central vowel	a
c	voiceless alveolar affricate	ʦ[1]
c̓	ejective alveolar affricate	ʦ’
č	voiceless palato-alveolar affricate	ʧ
č̓	ejective palato-alveolar affricate	ʧ’
e	mid front lax vowel	ɛ
ə	mid central/back unrounded vowel	ə (ɨ ʊ ʌ)
h	voiceless glottal fricative	h
i	high front tense unrounded vowel	i
k	voiceless velar plosive	k
kʷ	rounded voiceless velar plosive	kʷ
k̓ʷ	rounded ejective velar plosive	k’ʷ
l	voiced alveolar lateral liquid	l
ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	ɬ
ƛ̓	ejective alveolar lateral affricate	tɬ’
m	voiced bilabial nasal stop	m
m̓	laryngealized bilabial nasal stop	m̰
n	voiced alveolar nasal stop	n
n̓	laryngealized alveolar nasal stop	n̰
ŋ	voiced uvular nasal stop	n
ŋ̓	laryngealized uvular nasal stop	n̰
p	voiceless bilabial plosive	p
p̓	ejective bilabial plosive	p’
q	voiceless uvular plosive	q
q̓	ejective uvular plosive	q’
qʷ	rounded voiceless uvular plosive	qʷ
q̓ʷ	rounded ejective uvular plosive	q’ʷ
s	voiceless alveolar fricative	s
š	voiceless palato-alveolar fricative	ʃ
t	voiceless alveolar plosive	t
t̓	ejective alveolar plosive	t’
u	high back tense rounded vowel	u (ɔ)
w	voiced labiovelar approximant	w
w̓	laryngealized labiovelar approximant	w̰
xʷ	rounded voiceless velar fricative	xʷ
x̣	voiceless uvular fricative	χ
x̣ʷ	rounded voiceless uvular fricative	χʷ
y	voiced palatal approximant	j
y̓	laryngealized palatal approximant	j ̰

[1] Note that [ʦ] is not equivalent to [ts]. Klallam contrasts the affricate with the sequence. The IPA’s acceptance of either the unit symbol or the sequence of symbols as representing the affricate is unfortunate and makes the IPA inadequate for representing the Klallam language. The same is true for the other affricates.

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Appendices Montler, et al.
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