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Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

4 Nouns and Articles

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Articles and nouns go together. Nouns can usually be thought of as words referring to people, places, or things. In English articles are small words that precede nouns. In English the articles are ‘the,’ ‘a,’ ‘an,’ ‘this,’ ‘that,’ ‘these,’ and ‘those.’ The articles that point directly at some noun, like ‘this,’ ‘that,’ ‘these,’ and ‘those,’ are also called demonstratives.

A noun phrase is a noun with its article. In an English noun phrase the article precedes the noun as in ‘the deer,’ ‘a deer,’ ‘an elk,’ ‘this deer,’ ‘that deer,’ ‘these deer,’ and ‘those deer.’

In the Klallam language, articles precede nouns just as in English. However, there are important differences.

First, in English an article is sometimes not required to make a grammatical sentence, as in ‘I saw deer.’ In English we could also say ‘I saw a deer,’ ‘I saw the deer,’ and so on. In Klallam, however, every noun must have an article.

A second difference between English and Klallam articles is that Klallam has many more articles than English. This section introduces a few of the most common basic Klallam articles. The other demonstrative articles will be covered in §53. A complete list of the Klallam demonstratives can be found in Appendix C.

The third difference is that the English and Klallam articles do not always match in meaning. For example, there is no article in Klallam that exactly matches the meaning and use of ‘a’ or ‘the’ in English.

4 Nouns and Articles

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