Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

29 Intensifier Auxiliaries

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Review the introduction to §28 on adverbs. In that section you learned how to make adverbial expressions, which modify verbs. With adverbial expressions one indicates how an event happens (‘slowly,’ ‘happily,’ and so on).

In this section you will learn about the other type of word that in English is usually also called an adverb. This other type of word modifies qualities and indicates the intensity of events. We call words of this other type intensifiers. These words modify (and usually intensify) some quality, as in ‘she is very nice,’ ‘that tree is really old,’ or ‘he was exactly right.’ In Klallam, these intensifiers function as auxiliary verbs to modify the main verb.

There are at least twenty-one intensifiers in Klallam. They come in two types. One type must be followed by the little word ʔuʔ. We call this the ʔuʔ‑class of intensifiers. There are sixteen ʔuʔ‑class intensifiers. The other type must be followed by the little word ʔiʔ. We call this second type the ʔiʔ‑class of intensifiers. There are five ʔiʔ‑class intensifiers.

These important little words are worth memorizing. They are common in Klallam speech. You probably have been using some of them already in phrases you have memorized.
 

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  1. Grammar Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 29.1. ʔuʔ-class intensifiers
  2. 29.2. ʔiʔ-class intensifiers