SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

3.1. Commands: Ø or ĆE or SW̱

43373
Models
1)YÁ¸.‘Go.’
2)YÁ¸ HÁLE.‘Go (all of you).’
3)ȻENET.‘Take him/her/it/them.’
4)ȻENET HÁLE.‘Take him/her/it/them (all of you).’
5)YÁ¸ ĆE.‘Go’
6)YÁ¸ ĆE HÁLE.‘Go (all of you)’
7)ȻENET ĆE.‘Take him/her/it/them.’
8)ȻENET ĆE HÁLE.‘Take him/her/it/them (all of you)’
9)YÁ¸ SW̱.‘You should go.’
10)YÁ¸ SW̱ HÁLE.‘You should go (all of you).’
11)ȻENET SW̱.‘You should take him/her/it/them.’
12)ȻENET SW̱ HÁLE.‘You should take him/her/it/them (all of you).’

‣ 1 The first thing to point out about the speech act modifiers is that, though they are written as separate words, they are not really independent words. Like the subjects SEN ‘I’ and SW̱ ‘you’, they modify the verb they follow.
‣ 2 Sentences giving commands are also called imperative sentences. In English imperative sentences, there is an understood ‘you’ subject, as in ‘(you) Take it.’  The same is true for SENĆOŦEN:  just use the verb without a subject.
‣ 3 For a strong, demanding command, add ĆE, as in models 5, 6, 7, and 8. This form is considered almost rude by some elders.
‣ 4 For a more polite command, use the ‘you’ subject SW̱, as in models 9, 10, 11, and 12 This makes it more like a suggestion than a command. It can be translated various ways in English. The models use ‘should,’ but you could also use ‘why don’t you.’
‣ 5 Note that when you are talking to more than one person, you use HÁLE, and the ĆE or SW̱ comes before it.
‣ 6 There are other imperative-like speech act modifiers. These are covered in §48.2.
‣ 7 Note that the speech act modifiers are never stressed.
 
ÁȽE E SW̱ U¸ ÍY¸ OL¸?‘How are you?’
U¸ ÍY¸ SEN.‘I’m fine.’
STOṈET SE¸ SW̱ ȻEĆÁ?‘What will you do?’
ȻONEṈET SEN SE¸.‘‘I’ll run.’
X̱ENIṈ SE¸ ȻEĆÁ EN¸ ŚW̱ȻONEṈET?‘Why will you run?’
ȻENET LE¸ SEN.‘I took it.’
ȻONEṈET ĆE!‘Run!’
 
3.1A. Translate each of the following into English.
1. YÁ¸ ĆE.  
2. SÁ¸ET ĆE.   
3. ȽIȾET ĆE HÁLE.
4. ȽÁU¸ ĆE HÁLE.
5. ȻENIT.
6. W̱EĆET.
7. ȻENÁṈET ĆE.
8. ȻONEṈET ĆE.
9. QENET SW̱.
10. TȻET ĆE. 		3.1B. Translate each of the following into SENĆOŦEN.
1. Run! 
2. Sleep!  
3. Run away!  
4. Dive! 
5. Fly!
6. Get dressed! 
7. Walk! 
8. Wake it!
9. You ought to drop it, all of you.
10. Break it!
3.1C. Write ten SENĆOŦEN commands not shown above.

This page has paths:

  1. 3 Basic Speech Acts Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 61.1. ‘Please’ Montler, et al.
  2. 48 Speech Act Modifiers Montler, et al.
  3. 48.2. ĆEȽ ‘suggest,’ ÁȻE ‘urge,’ ȻE¸E ‘expect,’ ȻE¸Í¸E ‘realize,’ WO¸ ‘wonder’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 48.2. ĆEȽ ‘suggest,’ ÁȻE ‘urge,’ ȻE¸E ‘expect,’ ȻE¸Í¸E ‘realize,’ WO¸ ‘wonder’