SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

8.1. The preposition ¸E in the passive

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Models
1)ȻENÁṈETEṈ TŦE SWIU¸LES ¸E TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸.‘The boy was helped by the girl.’
2)ȻENÁṈETEṈ SEN ¸E TŦE SWIU¸LES.‘I was helped by the boy.’

‣ 1 The verb in these models is ȻENÁṈET ‘help someone’ followed by the passive suffix -EṈ. The passive suffix makes the word ȻENÁṈETEṈ mean ‘be helped.’
‣ 2 The first thing to notice is that the preposition is spelled with the glottal stop in front of it: ¸E. This keeps it distinct from the E yes/no question marker covered in §3.2. These two are grammatically distinct, and they sound different. Take a look at these two sentences:
          ȻENÁṈETEṈ ¸E TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸.              ‘He/she/they were helped by the girl.’
          ȻENÁṈETEṈ E TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸?               ‘Was the girl helped?’
The only difference in sound between these two sentences is the glottal stop <¸> of the ¸E preposition in the first one. 
‣ 3 In these examples the preposition ¸E is translated ‘by.’ In §8.2, we will see the preposition ¸E translated other ways.
‣ 4 A preposition followed by a noun phrase is called a prepositional phrase. The two SENĆOŦEN prepositional phrases in the models are ¸E TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸ and ¸E TŦE SWIU¸LES.
‣ 5 In these models, the subject of the sentence is colored blue. The noun phrase following the preposition ¸E is called the object of the preposition, and marked here by the color red.
‣ 6 Note that, as usual, the verb comes first in the SENĆOŦEN sentence.
‣ 7 A more detailed explanation of the passive can be found in §33. We will just say here that in a passive sentence the subject is acted upon. For every active sentence, there is a passive sentence that means basically the same thing. For example, in the following sentences with the subject shaded, the first one is active and the second is passive:
          ȻENÁṈETES TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸ TŦE SWIU¸LES.       ‘The girl helped the boy.’
          ȻENÁṈETEṈ TŦE SWIU¸LES ¸E TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸.  ‘The boy was helped by the girl.’
‣ 8 Look at the noun phrases in the two examples given in note 7. The two in the first sentence, TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸ and TŦE SWIU¸LES, have no preposition. Only the first noun phrase in the second sentence has no preposition. Let’s call these direct noun phrases. A direct noun phrase is a noun phrase with no preposition. 
‣ 9 The passive -EṈ suffix turns the transitive verb (ȻENÁṈET in this case) into an intransitive verb. Since ȻENÁṈETEṈ is intransitive, its noun phrases must follow what we will call the Intransitive Rule:
      An intransitive verb may have no more than one direct noun phrase. If it does have one direct noun phrase, then that noun phrase is the subject.
 
‣ 10 We can also state a similar rule for transitive verbs—the Transitive Rule:
     A transitive verb may have no more than two direct noun phrases. If it does have two direct noun phrases, then one is the subject and one is the direct object.
 
‣ 11 The Intransitive Rule and the Transitive Rule lead us directly to the Preposition Rule:
     Every noun phrase in a sentence that is not a direct noun phrase must be the object of the preposition ¸E.  
 
‣ 12 A passive in SENĆOŦEN can usually be identified by the ‑TEṈ or ‑NEṈ at the end of the verb. The ‑TEṈ form is the ‘control’ form and the ­‑NEṈ form is the ‘noncontrol’ form. Basically, the ‘noncontrol’ forms add the idea of ‘manage to’ or ‘finally succeed.’ There will be much more about the notions of ‘control’ and ‘noncontrol’ in later chapters.  Here is a list of passive verbs to use in this and further sections. The stressed vowel in each word is underlined here to help you remember the correct pronunciation.
ControlNoncontrol
QENETEṈQENNEṈ‘is looked at/seen’
SE¸ÁTEṈSÁ¸NEṈ‘is lifted’
ȽEȾITEṈȽIȾNEṈ‘is cut’
ŚJETEṈSEJNOṈ‘is hit’
TEȻTEṈTEȻNOṈ‘is broken’
W̱EĆETEṈW̱INOṈ'is wakened’
ȻENETEṈȻENNEṈ‘is taken’
XÁĆETEṈXÁĆNEṈ‘is dried’
‣ 13 You probably notice that there are differences in vowels between these two forms of passive verbs. These variations will be explained in §34. For now, just memorize these words.
‣ 14 Read the first sentence of note number 12 again. Notice that it states ‘usually.’ Some intransitive verbs that end in TEṈ or NEṈ are not passive. In these cases, the T and N are not suffixes—they are part of the root. Two examples are W̱ITEṈ ‘jump’ and ȾONEṈ ‘cold (thing).’


8.1A. Each of these sentences is ungrammatical. Explain why it is ungrammatical, fix the error, and translate the sentence.
1. ȻENETEṈ TŦE TÁLE TŦE NE SĆÁ¸ĆE¸.
2. W̱EĆETES TŦE SȽÁNI¸ ¸E TŦE ṈENE¸S.
3. XĆIT TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸ TŦE SWIU¸LES.
4. MESITEṈ TŦE SW͸ḴE¸ TŦE Á¸LEṈ.
5. QENNEW̱ SEN ¸E TŦE NE SĆÁ¸ĆE¸.
6. QENNEṈ SEN TŦE NE SĆÁ¸ĆE¸.
7. ȻENÁṈETEṈ TŦE SWIU¸LES TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸.
8. NEḴEṈ TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸ TŦE ḰO¸.
9. QENETES TŦE SWIU¸LES TŦE SḴAXE¸ TŦE SOȽ.
10. ȻENÁṈETEṈ ¸E TŦE KÁ¸ṈI¸ SEN.

 
 

This page has paths:

  1. 8 The Preposition Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 32.1. Object pronouns (subject in control): ET verbs Montler, et al.
  2. 12.6. ‘Not let’ and a subordinate clause Montler, et al.
  3. 46 Ȼ Clauses Montler, et al.
  4. 8.2. The preposition ¸E in other intransitive sentences Montler, et al.
  5. 16.3. ‘Which one?’ Montler, et al.
  6. 45.2. Noncontrol middle Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 3.2. Yes/no questions: E
  2. 8.2. The preposition ¸E in other intransitive sentences
  3. 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems