42.2. The ‘actual’ reduplication
Models
| C1V- | ||||
| 1) | ŚIP | ‘whittle’ | ŚIŚEP | ‘whittling’ |
| 2) | ḴÁN¸ | ‘steal’ | ḴAḴEN¸ | ‘stealing’ |
| 3) | ŦOṈ | ‘go up inland’ | ŦOŦEṈ¸ | ‘going up inland’ |
| 4) | XÁṮ | ‘stormy’ | XAXEṮ | ‘storming’ |
| 5) | OX̱ | ‘go there’ | O¸EX̱ | ‘going there’ |
| 6) | ŚÁM | ‘dry’ | ŚÁŚEM¸ | ‘drying up’ |
| C1E- | ||||
| 7) | X̱OLE¸ | ‘to reef net’ | X̱EX̱O¸LE¸ | ‘reef netting’ |
| 8) | ȻÁĆEṈ | ‘yell’ | ȻEȻÁĆEṈ¸ | ‘yelling’ |
‣ 1 There are two main reduplication patterns for the actual aspect. One copies the first consonant and the stressed vowel and the other copies the first consonant with an E. These are summarized as C1V‑ and C1E‑.
‣ 2 Models 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the first actual aspect reduplication form. Look at the actual forms in these models to see the pattern. With model 1 for example, the C1 is Ś and the V is I. Copy those to the left of the root to get ŚIŚIP. Then, when stress is applied to the first vowel, the second vowel reduces to E to get ŚIŚEP. See point 7 in Notes on Pronunciation on vowel reduction.
‣ 3 An alternative way to think about this first pattern is to see it as the first consonant begin copied with E after the stressed vowel. Take the Ś of model 1 and copy it with E and put it after the stressed vowel. Either way, the result is the same.
‣ 4 A few words with this pattern have a glottal stop after the stressed vowel as an alternate pronunciation. For example, the actual aspect for model 6 could also be pronounced ŚÁ¸ŚEM¸.
‣ 5 This first reduplication pattern for the actual aspect is completely predictable. Every CVC word takes this form. We can formulate a CVC actual aspect rule:
If a word consists of one consonant followed by a vowel followed by one consonant (C1VC2),
then the actual aspect form of that word has the form C1VC1EC2.
‣ 6 The second reduplication pattern for the actual aspect is shown in models 7, 8, and 9. This pattern is simpler. Here the first consonant is copied and an E is put after it.
‣ 7 Although, the second pattern is simpler, it not as predictable. With the first pattern, you can tell just by looking at the shape of the word that it will take that pattern. With this second, CE- pattern, there is no way to tell just by the shape of the word that it will take this reduplication. For example, there is no way to tell that model 8, ȻÁĆEṈ, will have reduplication or the infix in the actual aspect. That is *ȻÁ¸ĆEṈ¸ seems to be the expected form, but ȻEȻÁĆEṈ¸ is what SENĆOŦEN allows for this word. These just have to be learned one at a time.
‣ 8 The reduplication form of the actual aspect is the second most common, but far behind the infix in frequency. About 15% of the actuals in SENĆOŦEN are formed with reduplication. Only about 30% of that 15% have the CE- pattern. There are fewer than 50 words in this category to memorize.
‣ 9 Notice that in the actual aspect forms for models 3, 6, 7, and 8, all of the sonorant consonants following the stressed vowel become glottalized. This happens in all forms of the actual aspect.
‣ 10 Look at models 2 and 4. In these, it seems that the vowel has changed in the actual aspect, but this is just an artifact of a spelling convention. Review point 4 in Notes on Pronunciation. A and Á represent the same phoneme. When it occurs before Ḵ or X, as in the actual aspect of these two models, it is spelled A. Otherwise it is spelled Á.
‣ 11 Model 5 might at first glance seem like an exception. This is also an artifact of the spelling. Remember that the glottal stop consonant is not spelled at the beginning of a word. So OX̱ is phonemically /ʔax̣ʷ/. The /ʔa/ is the C1V of the reduplication pattern. So the actual aspect form, O¸EX̱ /ʔáʔəx̣ʷ/, does follow the pattern.
 | O¸EX̱ SEN ŦE TOWEN. | ‘I’m going to town.’ |
 | DODEQ SEN SE¸ | ‘I’ll be going home.’ |
| QENNOṈE SEN SE¸ ȻE ȻÁĆELES. | ‘I’ll see you tomorrow.’ |
| H͸ÁȻE. | ‘Goodbye.’ |
42.2A. Give the actual aspect form for each of these words.
1. SUT ‘get dressed up’
2. JÁṈ ‘arrive home’
3. SȻUL ‘school’ (the S here is a prefix)
4. HOḰ ‘stink’
5. ḴÁU ‘get paid’ (remember U represents the consonant /w/ here)
6. ȽIȾ ‘be cut’
7. JÁȾ ‘sew’
8. ṮOM, ‘enough’
42.2B. Use the dictionary to look up the meaning of each of the actuals in 42.2A and use each in a sentence.