SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

41.2. Infix LE or ¸LE

43373
Models
1)Á¸LEṈ‘house’ÁLE¸LEṈ‘houses’
2)MÁ¸ȻEȽ‘hurt’MÁLE¸ȻEȽ‘several hurt’
3)SĆÁ¸ĆE¸‘friend’SĆÁLE¸ĆE¸‘friends’
4)YÁ¸‘go’YÁLE¸‘they go’
5)KÁ¸ṈI¸‘young woman’KÁLEṈI¸‘young women’
     
6)PUS‘cat’PU¸LES‘cats’
7)ŚÁT‘bullet’ŚÁ¸LET‘bullets’
8)ȽOȾ‘itchy’ȽO¸LEȾ‘they are itchy’
9)ṮOM¸‘enough’ṮO¸LEM¸‘they are enough’
10)XIJ‘get scratched’XÁ¸LEJ‘they get scratched’

‣ 1 The meaning of these forms of the collective plural is exactly the same as the meaning for the EL form in §41.1. The infixed form refers to a group or set of items.
‣ 2 The models here are shown in two groups. Models 1 through 5 have the LE /lə/ and models 6 through 10 have the ¸LE /ʔlə/. Look carefully at the nonplural forms in these two sets, and try to identify what each set has in common. What makes each word in models 1 through 5 different from each word in models 6 through 10?
‣ 3 The nonplural forms in models 1 through 5 all have a stressed vowel followed by a glottal stop, which is followed by another consonant (models 1, 2, 3, 5) or the end of the word (model 4).
‣ 4 The nonplural forms in models 6 through 10 all have a single consonant, followed by a vowel, followed by a single consonant. We call these CVC stems—Consonant-Vowel-Consonant. (Remember that M¸ is a single consonant /m̕/.)
‣ 5 Now compare all of the models here to all of the models in §41.1. You will see that none of the nonplurals in §41.1 are like the nonplurals here. None there are CVC and none have the stressed vowel-glottal stop-consonant pattern.
‣ 6 We can formulate a three-part L Infix Plural Rule:
            A. If the stressed vowel is followed by a glottal stop and one consonant or the end of the word, insert LE /lə/ after the stressed vowel.
           B. If the stem is CVC, insert ¸LE /ʔlə/ after the stressed vowel.
           C. Otherwise, insert EL /əl/ after the first consonant of the root.
‣ 7 Note that part A of this rule takes precedence over part B because of words like model 4, YÁ¸, which is CVC but takes LE and not ¸LE.
‣ 8 This rule does have a very few exceptions. For example, look at model 5 and see how it is different from the rest. We would expect this plural to be *KÁLE¸ṈI¸, but, as the word is correctly pronounced, there is no glottal stop after the LE. This is the only word in the language like this, where a glottal stop drops in the plural.
‣ 9 These six words below are exceptions. The first 5 are CVC, but take LE after the stressed vowel instead of the expected ¸LE. The last one is CCVC. For that one, we might expect *TELḴÁP or maybe *TKÁ¸LEP, but those are not correct plurals for that exceptional word.
               JÁṈ¸       ‘arrive home’       JÁLEṈ¸           ‘they arrive home’
               ȽÁU¸       ‘flee’                    ȽÁLEU¸           ‘they flee’
               SÁU        ‘on the beach’      SÁLEU            ‘they are on the beach’
               SȾOM¸   ‘bone’                   SȾOLEM¸       ‘bones’
               ŦOṈ       ‘go up inland’      ŦOLEṈ           ‘they go up inland’
               TḴÁP      ‘fish trap’             TḴÁLEP          ‘fish traps’
 
QENNEW̱ E SW̱ ȻSE SĆÁLE¸ĆE¸ ȽTE?‘Did you see our friends?’
HA¸E. ŦOLEṈ ¸E TŦE SṈELÁNET.‘Yes. They went up in the hills.’
ISTÁ ĆSÁLEḴEṈ YÁ¸.‘Let’s go follow.’
EWE. ÁN¸ U¸ MÁLE¸ȻEȽ TŦE NE SȾOLEM¸.‘No. My bones are really hurt.’
 
41.2A. Each of the following SENĆOŦEN words takes the LE or ¸LE infix plural. Make each plural and give its meaning.
1. NOS                       ‘fat’
2. SOȽ                        ‘road, door’
3. Ś₭O¸ȻEȽ               ‘canoe partner’           
4. OX̱                         ‘go there’
5. SĆÁ¸ĆE¸                ‘friend’		41.2B. Each of these is a LE or ¸LE plural. Give the nonplural for each.
1. WÁ¸LEĆ                ‘clocks’
2. ĆȻÁLE¸                 ‘they own’
3. NÁ¸LEJ                  ‘they’re different’
 

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  1. 41 Collective Plural Montler, et al.

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  1. 41.4. Irregular plurals and ṈEN¸ Montler, et al.
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  1. 41.1. Infix EL