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Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

q, q̓, x̣, ŋ, ŋ̓

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q, q̓, x̣, ŋ, ŋ̓   These sounds are all produced with the tongue pulled extremely far back in the mouth.
q  is similar to the sound at the beginning of the English word ‘call,’ but the tongue is touching farther back.
q̓  is ejective. It is like q but ‘ejected’ out of the mouth with a strong pop.
x̣  is unlike any English sound. It is produced with the tongue touching far back, as for q, but the air flows continuously, making a rough throat‑clearing-like sound.
ŋ  is similar to the sound at the end of English ‘sung.’
ŋ̓   is like ŋ but is made with a creaky sound caused by a tightness in the throat.
 
q qəx̣qíŋplay
 sqáx̣aʔdog
 čə́qbig
 
q̓q̓áʔŋiʔyoung woman
 pə́q̓white
 ʔənəq̓íx̣black
 
x̣x̣páy̓cedar wood
 sx̣ə́naʔfoot
 ʔáʔčx̣crab
 
ŋŋúsfour
 nəŋə́naʔmy child
 nə́čəŋlaugh
 
ŋ̓háʔsəŋ̓sneezing
 šéʔtəŋ̓wishing
 sə́ɬəŋ̓continue

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  1. Klallam Consonants Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. Notes on Pronunciation Montler, et al.