Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

4.4. Not visible article: kʷə ____

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hiyáʔ kʷə húʔpt.                ‘The deer (not now visible) goes.’
hiyáʔ yaʔ kʷə húʔpt.           ‘The (not visible) deer went.’
hiyáʔ caʔ kʷə húʔpt.           ‘The (not visible) deer will go.’
hiyáʔ u yaʔ kʷə húʔpt.        ‘Did the (not visible) deer go?’
ƛ̓kʷə́t cn kʷə húʔpt.            ‘I take the (not visible) deer.’

► 1  This article, kʷə, is also very common and useful. This adds the meaning that the noun that follows cannot now be seen by the speaker or the listener, but it was visible sometime in the past.
► 2  This article has several common variations in pronunciation: kʷsə is very common in fluent careful speech and kʷ or kʷs in rapid fluent speech.
hiyáʔ u caʔ cxʷ.‘Will you go?’
hiyáʔ cn.‘I’ll go.’
ƛ̓kʷə́t u yaʔ cxʷ kʷə qʷúʔ.‘Did you take the water?’
ʔáwə. ƛ̓kʷə́t yaʔ cn kʷə tálə.‘No. I took the money.’
ƛ̓kʷə́t či či qʷúʔ.‘Take some water!’
ʔə́y̓.‘Okay.’

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  1. 4 Nouns and Articles Montler, et al.

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  1. 4.4. Exercises

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