Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

30.1. Subordinate conditional: kʷaʔ ____

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xʷítəŋ cxʷ  kʷaʔ šúptən.‘You jump if I whistle.’
xʷítəŋ cxʷ  kʷaʔ šúptəɬ.‘You jump if we whistle.’
xʷítəŋ cn  kʷaʔ šúptəxʷ.‘I jump if you whistle.’
xʷítəŋ cn  kʷaʔ šúptəxʷ hay.‘I jump if you folks whistle.’
xʷítəŋ cxʷ  kʷaʔ šúptəs.‘You jump if he/she/they whistle.’

► 1  Review §27 on ‘while’ clauses. The little word kʷaʔ works in a similar way to ʔəɬ ‘while.’ They both introduce a subordinate clause that uses the subordinate subject pronoun suffixes. These were introduced in §13. Here they are again:
Subordinate subject pronouns
     Singular      Plural
1       ‑ən‘I’       ‑əɬ‘we’
2       ‑əxʷ‘you’       ‑əxʷ  hay‘you folks’
3        ‑əs‘he, she, it’       ‑əs ‘they’
► 2  The general pattern for this construction is:
                            main event  kʷaʔ  condition event
The main event has the main clause subject, while the condition event has the subordinate clause subject.
► 3  In English it is possible to put the conditional clause first, as in ‘If I whistle, you jump.’ This is also possible with the subordinate conditional in Klallam. In that case, the following ‘then’ clause is preceded by the conjunction ʔiʔ:  kʷaʔ šúptən ʔiʔ xʷítəŋ cxʷ. However, that construction is not common; it can occur only in the first sentences of a narrative. Usually, if you want to put the condition first in Klallam, you have to use a different construction, as described in §30.2.
► 4  In each of the models, the ‘if’ of the translation could be replaced with ‘when.’ For example, xʷítəŋ cxʷ  kʷaʔ šúptən can also be translated ‘You jump when I whistle.’
► 5  Note the difference between ʔəɬ and kʷaʔ. With ʔəɬ, the event in the subordinate clause is occurring at the same time as the event in the main clause. With kʷaʔ, on the other hand, the event in the subordinate clause is a condition for (and happens before) the event in the main clause.
► 6  Although in these sentences it is possible to translate kʷaʔ as ‘if’ or ‘when,’ in §37.1 you will see that kʷaʔ has a more general function as the introducer of subordinate clauses that do not easily translate as ‘if, when.’
► 7  This is the same kʷaʔ that was introduced in §17.3 in a construction used to express ‘or.’ Take a look again at those sentences in §17.3 with kʷaʔ. You should be able to see a connection between those and the use of kʷaʔ in condition clauses.
► 8  New vocabulary: sƛ̓áyəqəm ‘monster’; ɬə́məxʷ ‘rain’
hiʔswáʔ cn kʷaʔ hiyáʔəxʷ.‘I’ll go along when you go.’
ʔə́y̓. kʷɬčəyáy cn ʔiʔ hiyáʔ.‘Good. I’ll go soon.’
yéʔkʷsəŋ caʔn.‘I’ll get ready.’
hiyáʔ st kʷaʔ húyən.‘We’ll go when I finish.’

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  1. 30 Conditional Clauses Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 30.1. Exercises