28.2. Adverbial expressions: Second method
| x̣ʷə́ŋ cn ʔəɬ štə́ŋən. | ‘I walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ st ʔəɬ štə́ŋəɬ. | ‘We walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ ʔəɬ štə́ŋəxʷ | ‘You walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ hay ʔəɬ štə́ŋəxʷ. | ‘You folks walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ ʔəɬ štə́ŋəs. | ‘He/she/it/they walk fast.’ |
► 2 Another use for ‘while’ clauses! Review §27.
► 3 Note that the translations for these models are the same as those in §28.1.
► 4 The little word ʔəɬ is the same word meaning ‘while’ that was introduced in §27.
► 5 Let’s analyze the first model sentence:
x̣ʷə́ŋ cn ʔəɬ štə́ŋ‑ən. ‘I walk fast.’
fast I while walk‑I
and compare it to a sentence from §27:
ʔíɬən cn ʔəɬ štə́ŋ‑ən. ‘I eat while I walk’
eat I while walk‑I
Notice that these two constructions are the same! The sentence x̣ʷə́ŋ cn ʔəɬ štə́ŋən literally means ‘I’m fast while I walk.’ Similarly, to say ‘you walk fast’ in Klallam, use the literal translation of ‘you are fast while you walk’: x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ ʔəɬ štə́ŋəxʷ.
► 6 In this second method of forming an adverbial expression, the quality is the main verb and the first word of the sentence. The event being described is in a subordinate clause.
► 7 To mention a specific individual in this second method, you must put the individual in a noun phrase after the first word:
x̣ʷə́ŋ cə q̓áʔŋi ʔəɬ štə́ŋəs. ‘The girl walks fast.’
A literal translation of this would be ‘The girl is fast while she walks.’
 | mán̓ cxʷ ʔuʔ ʔəsk̓ʷik̓ʷə́c̓ ʔəɬ ʔéʔstəxʷ. | ‘You’re paddling very crookedly.’ |
 | ʔáwə yaʔ cn c ʔéʔst. | ‘I wasn’t paddling.’ |
| ʔíst či. | ‘Paddle!’ |
| mán̓ cn ʔuʔ ɬčíkʷs. | ‘I’m too tired.’ |