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• 1 2018-07-28T12:31:24-07:00 28.2. Adverbial expressions: Second method 3 plain 2021-07-16T09:13:54-07:00

  x̣ʷə́ŋ cn ʔəɬ štə́ŋən.	‘I walk fast.’
  x̣ʷə́ŋ st ʔəɬ štə́ŋəɬ.	‘We walk fast.’
  x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ ʔəɬ štə́ŋəxʷ	‘You walk fast.’
  x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ  hay ʔəɬ štə́ŋəxʷ.	‘You folks walk fast.’
  x̣ʷə́ŋ  ʔəɬ štə́ŋəs.	‘He/she/it/they walk fast.’

  ► 1  Another use for the subordinate subjects! Review §13.
  ► 2  Another use for ‘while’ clauses! Review §27.
  ► 3  Note that the translations for these models are the same as those in §28.1.
  ► 4  The little word ʔəɬ is the same word meaning ‘while’ that was introduced in §27.
  ► 5  Let’s analyze the first model sentence:
  x̣ʷə́ŋ cn   ʔəɬ       štə́ŋ‑ən.    ‘I walk fast.’
  fast   I    while    walk‑I
  and compare it to a sentence from §27:
  ʔíɬən cn   ʔəɬ      štə́ŋ‑ən.     ‘I eat while I walk’
  eat    I     while  walk‑I
  Notice that these two constructions are the same! The sentence x̣ʷə́ŋ cn ʔəɬ štə́ŋən literally means ‘I’m fast while I walk.’ Similarly, to say ‘you walk fast’ in Klallam, use the literal translation of ‘you are fast while you walk’: x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ ʔəɬ štə́ŋəxʷ.
  ► 6  In this second method of forming an adverbial expression, the quality is the main verb and the first word of the sentence. The event being described is in a subordinate clause.
  ► 7  To mention a specific individual in this second method, you must put the individual in a noun phrase after the first word: 
  x̣ʷə́ŋ cə q̓áʔŋi  ʔəɬ  štə́ŋəs.    ‘The girl walks fast.’
  A literal translation of this would be ‘The girl is fast while she walks.’
  

  	mán̓ cxʷ ʔuʔ ʔəsk̓ʷik̓ʷə́c̓ ʔəɬ ʔéʔstəxʷ.	‘You’re paddling very crookedly.’
  	ʔáwə yaʔ cn c ʔéʔst.	‘I wasn’t paddling.’
  	ʔíst či.	‘Paddle!’
  	mán̓ cn ʔuʔ ɬčíkʷs.	‘I’m too tired.’