28.1. Adverbial expressions: First method
| x̣ʷə́ŋ či nəsštə́ŋ. | ‘I walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ či sštə́ŋɬ. | ‘We walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ či ʔən̓sštə́ŋ. | ‘You walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ či ʔən̓sštə́ŋ hay. | ‘You folks walk fast.’ |
| x̣ʷə́ŋ či sštə́ŋs. | ‘He/she/it/they walk fast.’ |
► 2 Remember from §6 how to use words like x̣ʷə́ŋ: x̣ʷə́ŋ či snə́xʷɬs. ‘His canoe is fast.’ Let’s analyze this:
x̣ʷə́ŋ cə snə́xʷɬ‑s. ‘His canoe is fast.’
is fast the canoe‑his
and compare it to the last of the models:
x̣ʷə́ŋ či s‑štə́ŋ‑s. ‘He walks fast.’
is fast the walk‑his
Notice that these two constructions are the same. The sentence x̣ʷə́ŋ či sštə́ŋs means literally ‘his walk is fast.’ Similarly, to say ‘I walk fast’ in Klallam, use the literal translation of ‘my walk is fast’: x̣ʷə́ŋ či nəsštə́ŋ.
► 3 Although či is most commonly used in this pattern, other articles, such as cə and kʷsə, can be used instead.
► 4 Notice that in this first method of making an adverbial expression, the modified verb in English (for example, ‘walk’ in ‘I walk fast’) becomes a noun in Klallam (for example, nəsštə́ŋ ‘my walk’). The s‑ prefix on the modified verb converts it into a noun:
štə́ŋ = walk (verb)
sštə́ŋ = walk (noun)
► 5 To mention a specific individual, just use the ‘he/she/it/they’ form and the individual in a noun phrase at the end. For example, to say ‘The girl walks fast,’ use x̣ʷə́ŋ či sštə́ŋs cə q̓áʔŋi.
► 6 Here are a few more words expressing qualities for you to learn and work with in this section:
qinúŋət ‘angry’
ʔəsƛ̓úʔƛ̓əm̓ ‘correct’
t̓it̓ə́x̣ ‘mistaken’
ʔiʔánəŋ ‘smart’
čqánkʷs ‘stubborn, proud’
nəxʷsčáŋkʷən ‘brave’
čáyči ‘diligent, busy’
haʔpí ‘sad’
šaʔšúʔɬ ‘glad’
ʔaʔtútəŋ ‘sleepy’
q̓aʔq̓án̓əɬ ‘slow’
ʔəsk̓ʷik̓ʷə́c ‘crooked’
c̓íŋiʔ ‘close, near’
ʔəsɬáx̣ʷɬ ‘straight’
 | mán̓ ʔuʔ x̣ʷə́ŋ či ʔən̓skʷánəŋət. | ‘You ran very fast.’ |
 | mán̓ q̓ yaʔ cn ʔuʔ sə́y̓siʔ! | ‘I was very scared!’ |
| stáŋ ʔay̓ či ʔən̓sxʷsə́y̓siʔ. | ‘What were you scared of?’ |
| níɬ kʷi slapúʔ! | ‘It was Slapo!’ |