Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

1.2. Transitive subject pronouns

30904 2 Past and Future Tense
 SingularPlural
1____cn‘I’____st‘we’
2____cxʷ‘you’____cxʷ hay‘you folks’
3-s‘he, she, it’-s‘they’

ƛ̓kʷə́t cn.‘I take it.’
ƛ̓kʷə́t st.‘We take it.’
ƛ̓kʷə́t cxʷ.‘You take it.’
ƛ̓kʷə́t cxʷ hay.‘You all take it.’
ƛ̓kʷə́ts.‘He/she/it/they take it.’
► 1  The transitive subjects are mostly the same as the intransitive subjects. Only the ‘he,’ ‘she,’ ‘it,’ or ‘they’ form is different:  it is an s ending (called a suffix) on the verb.
► 2  Note that the direct object here is given as ‘it.’ This could also be translated as ‘him,’ ‘her,’ or ‘them.’ More on direct objects coming soon.
► 3  Note that ƛ̓kʷə́t ‘take it, grab it’ and the other transitive verbs given below all end in t. This is a good (but not always 100% reliable) way to tell that a verb is transitive:  if it ends in a t, chances are it is transitive.
► 4  There are other endings on transitive verbs, such as ‑nəxʷ and ‑txʷ, that will be covered in later sections.
► 5  Here are some other transitive verbs. Memorize these now for use in this and later sections:
kʷənáŋət‘help it’
k̓ʷə́nt‘look at it’
c̓čə́t‘wake it’
x̣áčt‘dry it’
ɬíc̓t‘cut it’
ƛ̓kʷít‘hold it’
šč̓ə́t‘hit it’
sáʔət‘lift it’
míst‘choose it’
x̣čít‘know it’
tkʷə́t‘break it (a long object)’
ƛ̓kʷə́t‘take it’
ʔəsx̣ʷan̕íŋ cxʷ.‘How are you?’
ʔuʔə́y̓ cn.‘I’m fine.’
ʔaʔstúʔŋət cxʷ ʔuč.‘What are you doing?’
kʷánəŋət cn.‘I run.’
ʔaʔstúʔŋət kʷaʔčaʔ.‘Why?’
ƛ̓kʷə́t cn.‘I took it.’

This page has paths:

  1. 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 1.2. Exercises