SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

8.2. The preposition ¸E in other intransitive sentences

43373
Models
1)W̱ITEṈ ¸E TŦE ḰO¸.‘He/she jumped into the water.’
2)JISEṈ ¸E TŦE TEṈEW̱. ‘It grew on the land.’
3)ȽÁU¸ ¸E TŦE SḴAXE¸.‘He/she ran away from the dog.’
4)ṮLÁ¸EṈ SEN ¸E ȻSE NE SĆÁ¸ĆE¸.‘I looked for my friend.’
5)OOȽ SEN ¸E TŦE SNEW̱EȽ.‘I boarded the canoe.’
6)ĆIḴ LE¸ ¸E ȻSE ĆELAḴEȽ.‘It snowed yesterday.’

‣ 1 First we point out some new vocabulary here. The stressed vowel in each of the words is in red in this list to help you remember the correct pronunciation:
TEṈEW̱                   ‘land, earth’
ṮLÁ¸EṈ                   ‘seek, look for’
OOȽ                        ‘go aboard’
ĆIḴ                            ‘snow (coming down);’
ĆELAḴEȽ                 ‘yesterday;’
SḴELÁLṈEW̱            ‘tree.’
‣ 2 These models show that the SENĆOŦEN preposition may also translate as other prepositions in English. In the models, the preposition is in boldface and the prepositional phrase in each is shaded.
‣ 3 The first four models (1, 2, 3, and 4) show the SENĆOŦEN preposition translated as ‘into,’ ‘on,’ from,’ and ‘for.’ We have already seen it translated as ‘by’ in §8.1. There are many other ways that ¸E can be translated into English.
‣ 4 The last two models (5 and 6) show that sometimes the ¸E has no English translation at all.
‣ 5 The last model shows the use of ¸E in time expressions. These are covered in detail in §23.
‣ 6 Notice that there is one noun phrase in each of the models, and, in each, that noun phrase is the object of the preposition—not the subject of the sentence.
‣ 7 If we were to add a direct noun phrase to any of the first three models, that noun phrase would have to be interpreted as the subject:
           W̱ITEṈ TŦE SḴAXE¸ ¸E TŦE ḰO¸.                   ‘The dog jumped into the water.’
           JISEṈ ¸E TŦE TEṈEW̱ TŦE SḴELÁLṈEW̱.      ‘The tree grew on the land.’
           ȽÁU¸ TŦE SWIU¸LES ¸E TŦE SḴAXE¸.            ‘The boy ran away from the dog.’
Notice that the subject noun phrase can come before or after the prepositional phrase.
‣ 8 You cannot add a direct noun phrase to the last three models. Why?
‣ 9 You cannot add a direct noun phrase to ṮLÁ¸EṈ SEN ¸E ȻSE NE SĆÁ¸ĆE¸ or to OOȽ SEN ¸E TŦE SNEW̱EȽ because those two sentences already have subjects. The subject in each of these is SEN ‘I.’ Adding a direct noun phrase to either of these would violate the Intransitive Rule (§8.1).
‣ 10 You cannot add a direct noun phrase or any other kind of subject to ĆIḴ LE¸ ¸E ȻSE ĆELAḴEȽ. This has to do with the meaning of the verb.

8.2A. Explain why you cannot add a direct noun phrase or any other kind of subject to model 6, ĆIḴ LE¸ ¸E ȻSE ĆELAḴEȽ.
8.2B. Which of these sentences is ungrammatical? If it is ungrammatical, explain why it is. If it is grammatical, translate the sentence.
1. W̱ITEṈ ¸E TŦE ḰO¸ TŦE SḴAXE¸.  
2. W̱ITEṈ TŦE SḴAXE¸ TŦE ḰO¸.  
3. W̱ITEṈ TŦE ḰO¸ ¸E TŦE SḴAXE¸. 
4. W̱ITEṈ SEN TŦE ḰO¸.  
5. W̱ITEṈ SEN ¸E TŦE ḰO¸.  
6. W̱ITEṈ SEN TŦE SḴAXE¸ ¸E TŦE ḰO¸.  
7. W̱ITEṈ SEN TŦE SḴAXE¸.
8. W̱ITEṈ TŦE SḴAXE¸.
9. W̱ITEṈ ¸E TŦE ḰO¸ SEN.
10. TŦE SḴAXE¸ W̱ITEṈ ¸E TŦE ḰO¸.
 

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  1. 8 The Preposition Montler, et al.

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  1. 8.1. The preposition ¸E in the passive Montler, et al.
  2. 61.2. ‘Thank you’ and ‘Welcome’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 8.1. The preposition ¸E in the passive
  2. 23 Time Expressions