Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

37.2. ʔaʔ či POS clauses: Indirect statements

30904 38 Questions: ‘Why?’
ʔáx̣əŋ cn ʔaʔ či ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘I said that you went.’
x̣ənʔáxʷ cn ʔaʔ či ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘I said to him that you went.’
yəcúst cn ʔaʔ či ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘I told him that you went.’

► 1 Compare these models with those in §37.1. Notice that all of those are indirect commands (like ‘I told him to go’) or questions (like ‘I asked him to go’), while these models here are simply reporting statements.
► 2 Note that sát and čtát are not listed in the models. That is because these two reporting verbs imply commands and questions. The ʔaʔ či pos construction is for reporting statements only.
► 3 These are called the ʔaʔ či pos clauses because the indirect statement is in a subordinate clause introduced by the preposition ʔaʔ and the article či. The pos refers to the subject of the subordinate verb; it is marked with the possessive pronouns.
► 4 As usual, when the possessive pronouns are used on verbs, the s‑ prefix is required.
► 5 If you specify a subject for the subordinate verb with a noun phrase, the ‑s possessive suffix is still required. For example:
               ʔáx̣əŋ cn ʔaʔ či shiyáʔs cə nətán.             ‘I said that my mother went.’
Note that shiyáʔs has the ‘his/her/its/their’ ‑s suffix.
ʔínət yaʔ cxʷ ʔuč.‘What did you say?’
x̣ənʔáxʷ cn ʔaʔ či nəsʔáwə c ƛ̓kʷə́t.‘I told him I didn’t take it.’
yəcúst u cxʷ ʔaʔ či nəsƛ̓kʷə́t.‘Did you tell him I took it?’
nə́kʷtxʷ kʷi yəcúst.‘You be the one to tell him.’

 

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  1. 37 Indirect Quotes Montler, et al.

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  1. 37.2. Exercises

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