Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

11.2.1. Each other (control): -ti

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kʷənáŋəti cn.‘We help each other.’
kʷənáŋəti st.‘We help each other.’
kʷənáŋəti cxʷ.‘You help each other.’
kʷənáŋəti cxʷ hay.‘You folks help each other.’
kʷənáŋəti. ‘They help each other.’

► 1  The form of the control ‘each other’ suffix is ‑ti. This suffix is never stressed. One way to think of it is as a suffix ‑i added to the end of the control transitive stem. In the models the control transitive stem is kʷənáŋət ‘help him/her.’
► 2  Note that the first model has cn ‘I’ as the subject, while the second model has st ‘we’ as the subject. This differs a bit surprisingly from English. In English, we cannot say ‘*I help each other.’ In Klallam, this is okay and is usually translated the same as the sentence with st ‘we’ as the subject. Similarly, the singular cxʷ ‘you’ is as acceptable as the plural with hay.
► 3  The subtle difference in meaning between the first two is that the first one implies that cn ‘I’ started the helping. The second model implies that we both initiated the helping activity together.
► 4  Just as with the reflexive, this suffix is not very common. It is usually used only on transitive verbs that have a direct effect on the object.
► 5  There are a number of words that always have the ‑ti ‘each other’ suffix, even though the translation does not normally use ‘each other.’ It is easy to see in each one the ‘reciprocal’ meaning, even though they are not translated with ‘each other.’ Here are some of those:
ʔaʔčšíti‘exchange’(ʔáʔčšt ‘change it’)
cə́y̓əqti‘share’(cə́yqt ‘share it’)
c̓əy̓c̓sítiʔ‘boxing, fistfight’ (c̓sə́t ‘punch it’ and -ʔ ‘actual’)
č̓c̓ústi‘hug’(č̓c̓úst ‘hug it’)
kʷínti‘fight’(no related word)
ɬuʔísti‘elope’(ɬáw̓  ‘run away’)
ƛ̓kʷcísti‘shake hands’(ƛ̓kʷə́t ‘take it,’  -cis ‘hand’)
maliyíti‘marry’(from French marier)
ŋə́n̓ cə nəsčáy.‘I have lots of work.’
kʷənáŋəc caʔn.‘I’ll help you.’
kʷənáŋəti caʔ st.‘We’ll help each other.’
ʔə́y̓. ƛ̓kʷcísti či!‘Good. Shake hands!’

 

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  1. 11.2. Reciprocal Montler, et al.

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  1. 11.2.1. Exercises

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