SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

13.1. Reflexive

43373 46 Ȼ Clauses
Models
1)ȻENEṈISET SEN.‘I help myself.’
2)ȻENEṈISET ȽTE.‘We help ourselves.’
3)ȻENEṈISET SW̱.‘You help yourself.’
4)ȻENEṈISET SW̱ HÁLE.‘You folks help yourselves.’
5)ȻENEṈISET. ‘He/she/they help/s himself/herself/themselves.’

‣ 1 Grammatical patterns that express the idea of one person acting on himself or herself are called reflexive sentences. In English, we have reflexive pronouns: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves.
‣ 2 In SENĆOŦEN there are no reflexive pronouns. There are actually several ways of expressing the idea of ‘self’ in SENĆOŦEN. This section introduces one way:  a special suffix that goes on a verb. Other ways of expressing ‘self’ are covered in §35.2.
‣ 3 The form of the reflexive suffix is ­‑SET and sometimes ‑SOT. The difference between these two variations is covered in §45.1.
‣ 4 Words with the ­‑SET/‑SOT suffix do not always translate as ‘self.’ Some words with this suffix translate as ‘get’ or ‘become’. For example, when you add it to ĆEḴ ‘big,’ you get ĆEḴSOT ‘get big.’ This and other uses of this suffix are covered in §45.1.
‣ 5 Note that the reflexive suffix makes an intransitive verb, so the he/she/they form has an understood subject, just as any other intransitive verb (§1.1).
‣ 6 Because there are several ways of expressing ‘self’ in SENĆOŦEN, the ­‑SET/‑SOT suffix is not nearly as common as ‘self’ is in English. It occurs with the meaning ‘self’ only on stems with a transitive meaning.
‣ 7 A more common way of expressing the idea of ‘self’ uses the ‘middle voice’ pattern. This is covered in detail in §35.2.
‣ 8 You learned in §1.2 that ‘help’ in SENĆOŦEN is ȻENÁṈET. But here, the stem that ‑SET attaches to is ȻENEṈI-. What is going on here is a somewhat complicated automatic process of stress shift and vowel change. Basically, the ­‑SET/‑SOT suffix causes stress in a word to shift rightward. Other suffixes also cause this to happen. This process is covered in detail if §34.
 
QENESET ĆE.‘Look at yourself!’
EWENE NE ŚQENOSEṈ.‘I don’t have a mirror.’
MÁ¸ȻEȽSET SW̱.‘You injured yourself.’
ÁĆENÁ!‘My goodness!’
 
13.1A. Translate each of the following into English. Use the SENĆOŦEN.
1. ŦQESET TŦE SWIU¸LES.
2. ŚÁMESET SEN. 
3. MÁ¸ȻEȽSET E LE¸ SW̱?
4. QENESET SEN.		13.1B. Translate each of the following into SENĆOŦEN.
1. I dried myself.
2. We know ourselves.
3. Did you scratch yourself?
4. They looked at themselves.

This page has paths:

  1. 13 Self and Each Other Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 14.3. ‘Prevent,’ ‘say no to,’ ‘turn down’ Montler, et al.
  2. 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle Montler, et al.
  3. 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems Montler, et al.
  4. 45.1. Reflexive and inchoative -SET/-SOT Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 1.1. Intransitive subject pronouns
  2. 1.2. Transitive subject pronouns
  3. 35.2. Middle with both agent and patient
  4. 45.1. Reflexive and inchoative -SET/-SOT