Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

52.2. ʔəɬ- ‘part’ and nəxʷ- ‘location’

30904 53 More Demonstrative Articles
ʔəɬčə́x̣ cn nəxʷsƛ̓áy̓əm̓.‘I am half Klallam.’
nəxʷc̓áʔkʷt.‘Wash it inside.’
nəxʷʔač̓úst cn.‘I wiped his (the baby’s) face.’
nəxʷtə́q cə súɬ.‘The door is always closed.’
nəxʷcəʔítqən.‘She/he is honest.’
suʔxʷyəc̓ə́ts.‘So they filled it.’

► 1 The ʔəɬ‑ prefix is not common. When it occurs, it indicates a part of something. The verb in the model ʔəɬčə́x̣ can be translated ‘half,’ but the root čə́x̣ means ‘rip, tear.’ So, with the prefix, it can be literally translated ‘part torn.’ Use the Klallam Dictionary to look up the prefix and see more examples.
► 2 The ʔəɬ‑ prefix is also often pronounced ʔɬ- or simply ɬ-.
► 3 There is another prefix with the same form: ʔəɬ‑ ‘consume,’ which was covered in §49. These two prefixes are, apparently, not related at all.
► 4 The other prefix covered here is much more common and has a greater variety of meanings. This nəxʷ‑ prefix is often called ‘location’ or ‘locative,’ but that idea covers only part of it.
► 5 The ‘location’ meaning can be seen most clearly in the first nəxʷ‑ model. The stem of nəxʷc̓áʔkʷt is c̓áʔkʷt ‘wash it.’ The nəxʷ‑ prefix adds the ‘inside’ location notion.
► 6 The nəxʷ‑ prefix occurs frequently on stems with lexical suffixes (§32.2).  In these cases, the ‘location’ meaning is not always clear. The second nəxʷ‑ example, nəxʷʔač̓úst, has the prefix with the root ʔač̓ ‘wipe,’ the lexical suffix -us ‘face,’ and the transitive ‑t suffix. The ‘location’ idea comes in here because it is the baby’s face that is the location of the wiping.
► 7  Sometimes the nəxʷ‑ prefix adds a meaning of completeness or permanence. In the next model, nəxʷtə́q, the prefix is added to the root tə́q, which means ‘closed.’ tə́q cə súɬ, without the prefix, means ‘the road is closed.’ The nəxʷ‑ prefix adds the idea that the road is permanently closed.
► 8  The fifth model sentence has all of the meanings and uses together in one word. The nəxʷ‑ prefix is followed by the root cəʔít ‘true’ and the lexical suffix ‑qən ‘voice, speech.’ Here we have the prefix in combination with a lexical suffix, the ‘location’ notion is in the idea of ‘true in speech,’ and the ‘permanence’ idea gives the complete concept of ‘honest.’
► 9  The nəxʷ‑ prefix is often omitted when the meaning with the lexical suffix is clear. For example, the model nəxʷʔač̓úst cn could also be ʔač̓úst cn with no change of meaning.
► 10  The nəxʷ‑ prefix is sometimes pronounced simply xʷ‑, especially when another prefix comes before it, as in the final model.
nəxʷsƛ̓áy̓əm̓ cn.‘I’m Klallam.’
cəʔít u?‘Is that true?’
ʔəɬčə́x̣ cn nəxʷsƛ̓áy̓əm̓.‘I’m half Klallam.’
mán̓ cxʷ ʔuʔ nəxʷcəʔítqən.‘You are very honest.’

 

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  1. 52 Adverbial Prefixes Montler, et al.

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  1. 52.2. Exercises

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