Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

48.2. Head object of relative clause

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k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷə́nən.‘You saw the man that I saw.’
k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ.‘You saw the man that you saw.’
k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷə́nəɬ.‘You saw the man that we saw.’
k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷə́nəs.‘You saw the man that he/she/they saw.’

► 1 Compare this set of models with the models shown in §48.1.
► 2 Looking first at the English translations, notice that the relative clauses in these models have subjects: ‘I,’ ‘you,’ and so on. The relative clauses in the models in §48.1 had objects: ‘me,’ ‘you,’ and so on.
► 3 Now, looking at the Klallam, notice that where the models in §48.1 had the object suffixes in the relative clauses, these models have the subordinate subject suffixes.
► 4 Pause now and review the subordinate subject suffixes in §13, §27, §30.1, and §37.1.
► 5 In these models the head is the object of the relative clause. Other than that and the subordinate subject suffixes, the structure is the same as in the previous section—the head comes before the relative clause.
► 6 A very common use of relative clauses is in a pattern that is usually called a ‘cleft’ construction. Compare:
               čúkʷs cn cə  nəx̣ʷúʔŋət.                 ‘I used my paddle.’
               use it  I  the my paddle
               níɬ   cə   nəx̣ʷúʔŋət    čúkʷən.         ‘It’s my paddle I used.’
               it is  the  my paddle  that I use
The second example is what’s called a cleft sentence. In English, these types of cleft sentences begin with ‘it’; in Klallam they begin with níɬ. Cleft sentences are used when you want to focus the listener’s attention on the object rather than the action.
x̣čít u cxʷ kʷsə q̓áʔŋiʔ yúyitən.‘Do you know the girl I asked out?’
ʔáa. mán̓ ʔuʔ ʔə́y̓.‘Yes. She’s very nice.’
níɬ u cə q̓áʔŋiʔ qʷiŋítəxʷ.‘Is she the girl you talked to?’
ʔáa. čʔáyəs u.‘Yes. Does she have a sister?’

 

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  1. 48 Relative Clauses Montler, et al.

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  1. 48.2. Exercises

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