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• 1 2018-07-28T12:44:18-07:00 45.3. Source objects and -ŋit 9 plain 2023-03-06T13:56:59-08:00

  yaʔyəŋíc cn.	‘I listened to you.’
  yaʔyəŋíc u cxʷ.	‘Did you listen to me?’
  yaʔyəŋitúŋɬ u cxʷ.	‘Did you listen to us?’
  yaʔyəŋít cn.	‘I listened to him/her/them.’
  yaʔyəŋítəŋ cn.	‘He/she/they listened to me.’
  huŋít cn.	‘I took it back from him/her/them.’
  huŋíc cn.	‘I took it back from you.’

  
  ► 1 The Klallam Dictionary lists ‑ŋit as ‑ŋi combined with the ‑t transitivizer. It is simplest to consider it parallel to the ‑sit ‘beneficiary’ (§45.2) and ‑ust ‘recipient’ (§45.1) suffixes, which also are composed of two suffixes each: ‑si‑t and ‑us‑t.
  ► 2 This suffix appears as ‑ŋət when the root keeps the stress.
  ► 3 The models show the typical usage. In the models, the direct object is not a patient, recipient or beneficiary.
  ► 4 The object of 'listen' in the first five models is not undergoing anything, receiving anything, or benefiting from anything. The direct object of 'listen' is the source of information that the subject hears.
  ► 5 The object of huŋít, in the last two models, is also not undergoing anything, receiving anything, or benefiting from anything. The direct object of huŋít 'take back from someone' is again the source. The verb huŋít is related to həwíyŋ 'return, go back.'
  ► 6 There are not many clear cases of the ‑ŋit suffix. The few we have recorded indicate that the full meaning involves the idea that the subject is a recipient of something from the object. The object is the source of what the subject receives.
  ► 7 The models show two of these clear cases where the subject is a recipient and the object is a source. Another is q̓ʷáy̓ŋət ‘believe someone’ (based on q̓ʷáy̓ ‘believe’), where the subject is receiving a belief from the object. So in q̓ʷáy̓ŋəc cn ‘I believe you,’ the subject cn is the recipient of the belief from the object--the object is the source of the belief. The other clear example is ƛ̓kʷiŋít ‘receive and hold something.’ This is based on the word ƛ̓kʷít ‘hold something,’ which you should know well since it was introduced in §1.2, explained in §31.1, and used in many of the exercises. The ‑ŋit suffix in ƛ̓kʷiŋít clearly adds the idea of a subject receiving something from a source object.
  

  	yaʔyəŋíc u cxʷ.	‘Did you listen to me?’
  	ʔáa. yaʔyəŋíc cn ʔaʔ či ʔuʔx̣ən̓áɬ.	‘Yes. I always listen to you.’
  	ʔáwə cxʷ kʷaʔ yaʔyəŋícəxʷ.	‘You never listen to me.’
  	ʔáwə u cxʷ c q̓ʷáy̓ŋəc.	‘Don’t you believe me?’