Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

4.4. Exercises

30904
4.4A. Translate each of the following into English.
1. xʷítəŋ kʷə húʔpt.
2. nə́qəŋ kʷə q̓áʔŋi.
3. ʔítt u caʔ kʷə q̓áʔŋi? 
4. x̣čít cn kʷə swéʔwəs.
5. sáʔət yaʔ st kʷə snə́xʷɬ.
6. x̣ʷúŋ u kʷə q̓áʔŋi. 
7. šə́wi kʷə swéʔwəs.
8. kʷánəŋət kʷə swéʔwəs.
9. štə́ŋ u yaʔ kʷə húʔpt. 
10. ɬáw̓ caʔ kʷə húʔpt.
11. nə́qəŋ u yaʔ kʷə q̓áʔŋi. 
12. ʔíc̓əŋ caʔ kʷə swéʔwəs.
13. ɬíc̓t  u yaʔ cxʷ hay kʷə húʔpt. 
14. ƛ̓kʷíts u kʷə tálə. 
15. šč̓ə́t  u yaʔ cn kʷə húʔpt.		4.4B. Translate each of the following into Klallam using the kʷə ‘not visible’ article in each noun phrase.
1. The young woman dove.
2. Did the deer run away?  
3. The young woman walked.
4. The young man jumped.
5. The dog sleeps.
6. Is the young man going to run? 
7. Do you know the young woman? 
8. He is going to cut the deer.
9. Will they choose the house?
10. The young woman will go.
11. The young woman will get dressed.
12. Lift the canoe!  
13. He is going to dry the deer.
14. Is the young man going to cry?
15. Did he take the money? 
4.4C. Write ten new Klallam sentences with noun phrases using kʷə.
 

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  1. 4.4. Not visible article: kʷə ____ Montler, et al.