40.1. Agent causative: -ISTW̱
Models
| 1) | EȽENISTOṈES SW̱. | ‘You feed me.’ |
| 2) | EȽENISTOṈES SW̱ HÁLE. | ‘You folks feed me.’ |
| 3) | EȽENISTOL¸W̱ SW̱. | ‘You feed us.’ |
| 4) | EȽENISTOL¸W̱ SW̱ HÁLE. | ‘You folks feed us.’ |
| 5) | EȽENISTOṈE SEN. | ‘I feed you.’ |
| 6) | EȽENISTOṈE ȽTE. | ‘We feed you.’ |
| 7) | EȽENISTOṈE SEN HÁLE. | ‘I feed you folks.’ |
| 8) | EȽENISTOṈES ȽTE HÁLE. | ‘We feed you folks.’ |
| 9) | EȽENISTW̱ SEN. | ‘I feed him/her/it/them.’ |
| 10) | EȽENISTW̱ ȽTE. | ‘We feed him/her/it/them.’ |
| 11) | EȽENISTW̱ SW̱. | ‘You feed him/her/it/them.’ |
| 12) | EȽENISTW̱ SW̱ HÁLE. | ‘You folks feed him/her/it/them.’ |
| 13) | EȽENISTES. | ‘He/she/it/they feeds/feed him/her/it/them.’ |
| 14) | EȽENISTEṈ SEN. | ‘He/she/it/they feeds/feed me.’ |
| 15) | EȽENISTEṈ SW̱. | ‘He/she/it/they feeds/feed you.’ |
| 16) | EȽENISTEṈ ȽTE. | ‘He/she/it/they feeds/feed us.’ |
‣ 1 The root in each of the models is IȽEN, an intransitive verb meaning ‘eat, dine.’
‣ 2 The causative suffix is ‑ISTW̱. Adding this suffix to IȽEN makes a word meaning ‘cause to eat,’ which is usually translated ‘feed’ in English.
‣ 3 The suffix ‑ISTW̱ creates a transitive verb—one that can take direct objects—from an intransitive verb.
‣ 4 This list will help make clear the meaning that the ‑ISTW̱ suffix adds:
| IȽEN | ‘eat’ | + ‑ISTW̱ | → | EȽENISTW̱ | ‘feed’ (cause to eat) |
| ȽÁU¸ | ‘flee’ | + ‑ISTW̱ | → | ȽEU¸ISTW̱ | ‘elope with’ (cause to flee) |
| ȽKIL¸ | ‘sure’ | + ‑ISTW̱ | → | ȽKEL¸ISTW̱ | ‘convince’ (cause to be sure) |
| DOQ | ‘go home’ | + -ISTW̱ | → | DEQISTW̱ | ‘take home’ (cause to go home) |
| ŚTEṈ | ‘walk’ | + -ISTW̱ | → | ŚTEṈISTW̱ | ‘take for a walk’ (cause to walk) |
‣ 6 In §32.1 it is noted that there are two sets of object suffixes—the S-set and the Ṉ-set. The objects in §32.1 have the S-set. The objects with the noncontrol transitivizer ‑NEW̱ have the Ṉ-set. The ‑ISTW̱ causative also takes the Ṉ-set object pronoun suffixes. Compare the models here with those in §32.2 to see that they are exactly the same suffixes.
‣ 7 Here is the summary chart of this object repeated from §32.2 for ease of reference:
| Singular | Plural | |||
| 1 | ‑OṈES | ‘me’ | ‑OL¸W̱ | ‘us’ |
| 2 | ‑OṈE | ‘you’ | ‑OṈE HÁLE | ‘you folks’ |
| 3 | Æ | ‘him, her, it’ | Æ | ‘them’ |
‣ 9 The passive of a causative is formed like other passives (§33)—add ‑EṈ after the transitive suffix. So the passive of EȽENISTW̱ is EȽENISTEṈ. Note that the final W̱ also drops when the passive suffix ‑EṈ is added.
‣ 10 Models 14, 15, and 16 are different from the rest. The verb here, EȽENISTEṈ is the passive form. See point 9 above. With the causative, when a third person (he/she/it/they) act on a first or second person (me, us, you), the passive is required. The same is true for the inanimate causative (§40.2).
‣ 11 The object of this ‑ISTW̱ causative is an agent and is usually animate. That is, it is usually something that can act on its own. This means that the object is usually a person or animal, but it could be something inanimate if that thing is perceived to be acting on its own. For example, the last item in point 4 above, ŚTEṈISTW̱ is also used to mean ‘drive, run a machine.’ And it is possible to say ŚTEṈISTW̱ SEN TŦE ŚTEMȻES ‘I drove the car.’ The ŚTEMȻES ‘car’ is inanimate, but it is perceived to move on its own.
 | EȽENISTW̱ ĆE TŦE EN¸ SḴAXE¸. | ‘Feed your dog.’ |
 | ȻȽ EȽENISTW̱ LE¸ SEN | ‘I already did feed him.’ |
| STÁṈ OĆE ȻSE EN, S¸ EȽENISTW̱? | ‘What did you feed him?’ |
| OṈEST SEN ¸E ȻSE SȾOM¸. | ‘I gave him a bone.’ |
| 40.1A. Translate into English. 1. EȽENISTW̱ LE¸ SEN TŦE NE PUS. 2. ŚTEṈISTW̱ E SW̱ TŦE EN¸ SḴAXE¸? 3. DEQISTOṈE SEN SE¸ ȻE ȻÁĆELES. 4. QENISTOṈES TŦE TÁLE. | 40.1B. Translate into SENĆOŦEN. 1. You didn’t feed your friend. 2. I walked our dog yesterday. 3. My father took us home. 4. Did I show you my car? (‘show’ = ‘cause to see’) |